Finance in Project Management The 2012 London Olympics - 3850 Words

Finance in Project Management Case Study of the 2012 London Olympics (Essay Sample) Content: Finance in Project Management Case Study of the 2012 London OlympicsName:Professor:Course:Date:Finance in Project Management case study of the 2012 London OlympicsCriticism has often been placed on large-scale infrastructure projects due to their hefty budgets and inability to deliver the promised benefits. The London 2012 Olympic project budget faced some criticisms as various parties termed the budget as highly costly. The initial cost of the project in one of the early projections was settled at 1.8 billion (Kim 2013). The figure later on increased to 4.2 billion and was then submitted to the International Olympic Committee where the cost was again revised upwards to 9.325 billion during a formal government review. After this review, cost increases have consistently become part of the project as each of the contingencies and construction of the project. The spiraling costs have had a significant impact on the project, with costs rising from time to time. As much a s the team engaged in proper planning, the costs increase resulted to underestimation of the entire budgeting system, resulting to experiencing further extra costs into the project (Grabher and Thiel 2015). This paper reviews issues related to the London 2012 Olympic project as a basis for the project analysis.Budgeting and cost controlBudgeting and cost control at the 2012 Olympic is one of the major aspects that raised eyebrows as the costs kept rising and shifting from on point to the other. With the costs initially set at 1.8 billion by the committee in charge. After the bidding process and the tender awarded to England, the cost analysis kept rising as new processes emerged into the budget. The government noted that the cost turned into 528m less than the expected. The overall cost of hosting both the Olympics and Paralympics was finally budgeted at 9.29billion notwithstanding that the cost had undergone significant changes (Tramantano, Barnwell, Bishop, Jones, and Miller 2015) . The original budget projected in 2007 was estimated at four times the cost that was incurred in 2005 during the bidding. Some of the costs that were overlooked during the initial budgeting include the VAT costs, the security costs, and a little expansion that were made from time to time.The above illustrates some of the major issues faced by the project managers in regards to budgeting and cost control. One such issue is the lack of proper planning(Arnold 2013). The spiraling and inconsistent rise in the budgeted cost illustrates poor planning or lack of proper planning of the event. The budgeting process was left to the Olympic Delivery Authority, which did not have adequate sittings to make decisions on budgetary items such as the cost approximations, key areas to be considered, and other relevant costs within the budget. Cost control was equally an issue as the Olympic Delivery Authority did not have proper controls on the various costs. This implies that the expenses were not well regulated resulting into the unnecessary expenses. During cost control in a project, the project team needs to estimate the required costs and the potential risks attached to such costs(Farrell 2003). This was not the case in the 2012 London Olympics, where the costs were arrived at without instituting any control. The result was the massive expenses and spiraling of costs experienced in the project life.FundingAs articulated above, the funding was expected from both the public and the private sector. The public sector funding was estimated at 3.4 billion while the private sector funding stood at 738 million. The increase in cost estimates resulted in the public funding increasing by 5.9 billion given the lower expectation from the private sector funding. Out of the above amount, the Exchequer was estimated to meet approximately 4.9 billion, and the national lottery to meet the rest.Considering the above, a number of issues can be highlighted on the funding. One such is the fai lure to plan on the sources of funds. The funds were expected from the public and the private sectors. Both the sources failed to fulfill their parts sufficiently. Thus, instead of receiving 738 million from the private sector, only 168 million was received, a major deviation from what was intended. This depicts the lack of proper consultation with the interested parties, causing the Olympic Delivery Authority to experience massive losses. The public sector, therefore, had to incur huge expenses to bring balance to the budget that was already becoming insufficient. The private sector was further required to fund the Olympic village, in contrary fully, they failed, leading to deficiencies in various areas. The poor funding can be attributed to improper planning and communication between the concerned parties(Farrell 2003). The Olympics Delivery Authority made a mistake of budgeting with funds they had not yet received and were not certain about.Investment appraisalThe London bid to h ost the London 2012 Olympic games was pegged on long-term benefit, which was anticipated to boost the countrys economy. The government had further set up 5-high level legacy promises, which would stem from the hosting of the global event. The government was set to proceed and publish the legacy action plan in 2008. According to Tessa Jowell, the Minister for Olympics and London, the London Olympics and Paralympics would constitute the biggest and largest event to be ever hosted by the United Kingdom. In this regard, the benefits will not only be incurred in the initial five weeks but also will spread across many years to come (Thiel and Grabher 2015).Despite being an investment and opportunity to depict the United Kingdom as a place ideal for visits and business, the cost was unreasonable. Investments need to be associated with the cost-benefit analysis to ensure that balance is strike between the benefits and the costs(Farrell 2003). In cases where the cost seems to exceed the bene fits, the board or concerned committee needs to review the project and initiate a different approach. The Olympic Delivery Authority failed to make such decisions, and as a result, the cost exceeded the anticipated benefits. Despite the legacy promises published, it is evident that the cost exceeded the anticipated benefits. This is attributed to poor planning.Provider selection and managementThe providers of the 2012 London Olympics games were to emerge from both the public and the private sector. The private sector was anticipated to make bids in providing basic services such as deliveries and contracts during the establishment period. The Olympic Delivery Association (ODA) (Jennings 2012) did the management of the 2012 London Olympics. A number of issues were faced in the provider selection and management. The Olympic Delivery Authority utilized a bidding system where the private sector players were expected to bid tenders for making various participations. The bidding was not su ccessful as anticipated since most of the private sector players did not participate. This was attributed to the improper planning of the process and lack of adequate communications regarding the tender prices. Most members of the public sector were equally uncertain about the project demands, as the planning process was poorly coordinated (Callahan, Stetz and Brooks 2011).ProcurementBeing a government funded organization; the Olympics Delivery Authority was under an obligation to abide by the EU procurement regulations. The procurement regulations are mainly aligned with fairness, transparency, and non-discrimination in competition management. This implies that each of the tenders were to be won fairly and the companies had to place a bid for the tenders. Apart from the above procurement principles, the Olympic Delivery Association had many priority themes set to offer guideline through the construction program (Thiel and Grabher 2015).The procurement process was not properly coord inated. Procurement needs to be done in cases where adequate planning has been made. The procurement, in this case, was done after the shallow budget was drawn, leading to several inefficiencies in the budget. The estimated costs did not tally with the actual costs, thereby leading to great deviation from the budgeted outcome. The procured items, therefore, did not meet the required quantity. Relatively, the Olympic Delivery Authority failed to monitor the quality of products offered. In procurement, the quality delivered must tally with the agreed upon quality. The ODA failed to monitor this leading to delivery of varying qualities that resulted to wastage. The expected parties equally not effectively participated the procurement tenders in; only a few companies participated in the tenders leading to poor selection process (Arnold 2013).SustainabilitySustainability constitutes one of the major factors that led to the UK bidding to host the 2012 Olympics. The United Kingdom governme nt aimed at preparing a sustainable environment where the population could benefit from various opportunities created by the 2012 Olympics. Despite the attainment of this objective, the cost incurred was highly ridiculous. The ODA Committee failed to take a considerable analysis of costs versus benefits of the project. This implies that the project cost more than the anticipated benefits(Hou, Al-Tabbaa, and Hellings 2014). Such resulted in the eyebrows that the project raised despite being considered a breakthrough. In addition, the huge public spending had a negative impact on the economy as the government had to spend a lot on the project(Farrell 2003). Critical analysis of the project, therefore, depicts that the sustainability criteria was not effi...

Essay Samples for Your Project

Essay Samples for Your ProjectIf you want to get some essays samples for your project, then you should try some essay samples for your project. But first you should have to have some idea on what an essay is, or how you are going to write one.Essays can be classified into two main categories, which is either 'book' essays or 'subjects' essays. The subjects have specific texts that you are supposed to put your thoughts on, and the book essays have general facts and ideas that you are supposed to summarize in a thesis or dissertation. The type of essay that you are writing will largely depend on the area of study, and where the essay is supposed to be used.For example, if you are writing a science fiction book on space travel, then you are writing a science fiction article. You might also write a philosophical essay on a topic, and a historical essay about the discovery of a new planet, or a historical novel based on a real life story. So the types of essay samples you will need depend greatly on the topic of the project.Nowadays many students have found that a course on Texas A&M University has a writing seminar taught by a university professor. Students can check their syllabus online to see if there is any such seminar that they can attend, and they can ask around to find out if there is anyone they can email a self-report from.Another thing you can do is to look up the actual transcript of your courses, if you know when the course was completed, and find the subject of the class. Now you can either see what kind of essay samples you will need for the essay (just search for your name), or you can just look it up in your syllabus.Another thing you can do is to take a look at the different essays that were given to you at the end of your courses, and see what topics they cover. Find out what they cover, and also if they actually give you sample sentences to use. Writing a sample sentence means that you will have to write something original for each topic, an d that can be hard at times.Once you know what topics you are going to be writing, and how you are going to do them, then you can choose the ones that you would like to write your own essays for. Just make sure that you keep the types of essay samples for your project for the most important thing that you need.

Essay on Lesson of the Evils of Liquor - 1619 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A chemistry teacher wanted to teach his 9th grade class a lesson about the evils of liquor, so he produced an experiment that involved a glass of water, a glass of whiskey, and two worms. quot;Now, class, observe the worms closely,quot; he said, putting a worm first into the water. The worm in the water writhed about, happy as a worm in water could be. The second worm he put into the whiskey. It writhed painfully, and quickly sank to the bottom, dead as a doornail. quot;Now, what lesson can we derive from this experiment?quot; the teacher asked. One of the students raised his hand and wisely, responded, quot;Drink whiskey and you wont get worms.quot; Quotes To Go With Your Beer†¦show more content†¦Coincidence? - Anonymous Conserve water. Drink Beer. - Anonymous You dont like jail? Naw, they got the wrong kind of bars in there. - Charles Bukowski Beer is good food. - Anonymous Its better to have beer in hand than gas in tank. - Anonymous Life is too short to drink cheap beer. - Anonymous Beer: its not just for breakfast anymore. - Anonymous Beer: Natures laxative. - Anonymous Beer: If you cant taste it, why bother! - Anonymous All other nations are drinking Ray Charles beer and we are drinking Barry Manilow. - Dave Barry When I heated my home with oil, I used an average of 800 gallons a year. I have found that I can keep comfortably warm for an entire winter with slightly over half that quantity of beer. - Postpetroleum Guzzler, Dave Barry Without question, the greatest invention in the history of mankind is beer. Oh, I grant you that the wheel was also a fine invention, but the wheel does not go nearly as well with pizza. - Dave Barrys Bad Habits, Dave Barry Not all chemicals are bad. Without chemicals such as hydrogen and oxygen, for example, there would be no way to make water, a vital ingredient in beer. - Dave Barry My problem with most athletic challenges is training. Im lazy and find that workouts cut into my drinking time. - Anonymous The problem with the world is that everyone is a few drinks behind. - Humphrey Bogart Friends dont let friends drink Light Beer. - Anonymous If nothingShow MoreRelatedWords and Essay638 Words   |  3 Pagesimbued with a spirit of adventurism. While looking for the fields of adventurism, they become unsuspecting easy targets. These evil persons paint a colorfully rosy picture of life before them. They take them too easy and short-cuts of earning their livelihood. The resultant effect is that they are initiated into a world of crime, exploitation, intimidation and other evils. 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Taking a Look at Infantile Paralysis - 2074 Words

INTRODUCTION Poliomyelitis also called Polio or infantile paralysis describes an acute viral infectious disease which is generally transmitted by the oral fecal route. The condition is characterized by the downwards flexed foot, withered limbs associated with muscle atrophy following the loss of motor innervations in the limb. The symptoms, location, extent and persistence of the paralysis caused depends on the degree of the damage to the anterior horn neurons and the number of neurons affected. The forms of the disease include the abortive poliomyelitis which is the most common, with symptoms such as malaise; fever and vomiting that subside in few days. The nonparalytic poliomyelitis (aseptic meningitis) has symptoms such as stiff neck and pain in the back and neck. This subsides in 2-10 days. This may advance to the paralytic Poliomyelitis resulting from the lower motor neuron damage. The post Poliomyelitis is characterized by muscle atrophy, especially observed in individuals decades after the ir experience with paralytic Poliomyelitis. Immunity to the type causing the infection is permanent especially for the types- 1, 2 and 3. Maternal passive immunity is transferred to the offspring and disappears during the first 6 months of life. Humans are the only reservoir for the infection. The Global Polio Eradication initiative embarked upon by the World Health organization, Rotary International, and the UNICEF gives hope of achieving the desired â€Å" global polio free world TheShow MoreRelated Eleanor Roosevelt Essay4235 Words   |  17 Pagesand act. Rather than sit at home or only attend social events, as many prominent women of her time did, Mrs. Roosevelt was a constant presence in her husband’s political life. After Franklin Delano Roosevelt was stricken with infantile paralysis in 1921, Eleanor became even more involved in politics. Because her husband had lost most of his mobility, Eleanor realized that he was going to have to rely on others for information. She joined the Women’s Division of the Democratic StateRead MoreThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1993 .. Toni Morrison3002 Words   |  13 Pagesthe will. She believes that if the bird in the hands of her visitors is dead the custodians are responsible for the corpse. For her a dead language is not only one no longer spoken or written, it is unyielding language content to admire its own paralysis. Like statist language, censored and censoring. Ruthless in its policing duties, it has no desire or purpose other than maintaining the free range of its own narcotic narcissism, its own exclusivity and dominance. However moribund, it is not withoutRead MoreIntroduction to Diseases10781 Words   |  44 Pagespeak flow readi ng and what it means †¢ Know which triggers make your asthma worse and what to do when this happens. Asthma action plans are written documents for anyone with asthma. An asthma action plan should include: †¢ A plan for taking asthma medications when your condition is stable †¢ A list of asthma triggers and how to avoid them †¢ How to recognize when your asthma is getting worse, and when to call your doctor or nurse You can reduce asthma symptoms by avoidingRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestheory and psychoanalytic perspective A managerialist perspective The paradigm debate The practical utility of organization theory Current trends Globalization Institutional and neoinstitutional theory Discourse The aesthetics of organizing One final look at organizational culture Conclusions 432 432 434 434 434 435 436 437 437 438 438 442 446 446 450 452 453 457 459 Index 466 Supporting resources Visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/mcauley to find valuable online resources For Instructors †¢ PowerPointRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesCommunications 8 Decentralized Work Sites 8 Skill Levels 8 A Legal Concern 8 Employee Involvement 20 How Organizations Involve Employees 20 Employee Involvement Implications for HRM 20 Other HRM Challenges 21 Recession 21 Off Shoring 21 Mergers 22 A Look at Ethics 22 Summary 23 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 24 Key Terms 24 HRM Workshop 25 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 25 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 25 Case 1: Work/Life Balance at Baxter 25 Working

Money And Its Effects On The Individuals Behavior And...

It is easily acknowledged that having a sufficient amount of money is beneficial and effects one’s life positively. Conversely not having enough funds can be detrimental to one’s well-being. However, people with an abundant amount of wealth still experience heartache, and those who do not still experience the joys of life. But money is essential for daily life in modern society, it pays for food, housing, clothes, utilities, and many other things. Money encourages hard work in the hopes that some kind of economic success will be found. Think of how easy it is to get caught up in a game of monopoly. Even though it is a fake success and fake money, but still — tensions run high, again hoping to succeed economically. Life is clearly much more complex than a board game. Although money impacts a majority of people in a positive way, the way money affects an individual—can negatively affect the individual s behavior and priorities. Money does not have the abilit y to buy happiness, nor is it the root of evil. Money has become the basis of modern life. It is, some believe, the power we give money is what is evil. One’s personal view of money can negatively impact, not only on their personal life but also relationships with friends, family, and colleagues. Recent studies by psychologist Paul Piff have found that by â€Å"putting someone in a role where they’re more privileged and have more power in a game makes them behave like people who actually do have more power, more money, andShow MoreRelatedValue Driven Attentional Capture Of Adolescence978 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle â€Å"Value-Driven Attentional Capture in Adolescence† determines the connection between value-driven attentional capture and rewards between adolescents and adults. 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To what extent is the Haitian revolution connected with...

As Michael McFaul, the United States Ambassador to Russia said, â€Å"In retrospect, all revolutions seem inevitable. Beforehand, all revolutions seem impossible.† The same was the case with the Haitian Revolution that started in 1791 and finally ended with the independence of Haiti in 1805. The slaves of Haiti could never have imagined rising up against the authorities let alone doing it and seeing it through till its end. Light a match and see the fire spread. The match was the French Revolution which not only left its permanent mark on history but became an example and inspiration for many revolutions to come. â€Å"The Haitian revolution was one of the two successful attempts, along with the American Revolution, to achieve permanent independence†¦show more content†¦This regime is oppressive, but it gives livelihood to several million Frenchmen. This regime is barbarous but a still greater barbarism will be the result if you interfere with it without the necessar y knowledge†. The capitulation to profit over principle demoralized the assembly, especially the Jacobins, the left wing of the revolution, and their supporters among the Parisian masses. Thus the process that had started in the French Revolution calling for equality had now found its place in Haiti. Amid the tide of reaction, the Jacobins sharpened their ideas and cultivated their leadership of the French artisans and peasants. In San Domingue, C.L.R James writesin his book the Black Jaccobins, the Black slaves â€Å"had heard of the revolution and had construed it in their own image: the white slaves in France had risen, and killed their masters, and were now enjoying the fruits of the earth. It was gravely inaccurate in fact, but they had caught the spirit of thing. Liberty. Equality. Fraternity†. The French peasants and artisans, the mass base of the French Revolution, faced the same quandary as the Black slaves. The bourgeoisie had already attempted to rein in the radicalization. It was the masses and their Jacobin leadership that would bring the revolution to its grandest heights, finally eradicating the monarchy and abolishing slavery. The assembly had sent a new commission to San Domingue to secure peace between the big whites and free men of color,Show MoreRelatedNotes on American Interventionism3498 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿Introduction Before World War II, American interventionism was often overt and direct, simply landing troops on the shores of some prospective banana republic and installing a friendly government there. This is exactly what happened in Hawaii, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic, in some cases more than once. Theodore Roosevelt was hardly shy about admitting that he sent troops to Puerto Rico and the Philippines, taking Panama from ColumbiaRead MoreMandinka Empire21578 Words   |  87 Pagescoastal west Africa to denote king or boss. In this new framework, the changes wrought by Mandinka, the Mande more broadly, and African culture generally on the South, are every bit as significant as the linguistic infusions of the Norman Conquest into what became English. Long before studying the Mandinka as an anthropologist in west Africa, I was exposed to their legacy in the United States through my contact with the Gullah of Saint Simons Island, Georg ia, my home town. The correlation between a whiteRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe Contributors †¢ 343 _ IN TR OD UC TIO N Michael Adas B y any of the customary measures we deploy to demarcate historical epochs, the twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet UnionRead MoreInfluence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language14362 Words   |  58 PagesDifferent Views on Americanization †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter III The Mosaic of American Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Chapter IV The Influence of Immigration on American English †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4.1 Indian Influence on American English †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4.2 French Influence on American English †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 4.3 Spanish Influence on American English †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 4.4 Dutch Influence on American English †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4.5 German Influence on American English †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4.6 African InfluenceRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagespositive that this book will also inspire nontradi.... tional applicants because they will realize that there is no such thing as a standard applicant at Harvard Business SchooL We encourage you to bear in mind that your profession is not what makes the essay special. What makes you special is how you make the big (or small) decisions in life and how they have led to your growth. The only common strain in the successful essaysis that applicants have clearly xi Introduction described why each experience

A Research Study On Anxiety Disorders Essay - 1386 Words

Introduction Genetics Anxiety disorders are the result of a combination of environmental and biological factors. While environmental factors are related to a person’s upbringing and experiences, biological factors are related to a person’s genetic makeup, brain chemistry, and inborn personality style. Anxiety disorders are 2-3 times more prevalent in girls than boys, and research has found that having an anxiety disorder early in life predicts an anxiety disorder later in life. Research has shown that having a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, who has an anxiety disorder increases an individual’s risk for anxiety disorders by 4-6 times more than people who do not have a first degree relative with anxiety. Monozygotic twin studies have shown a heritability estimate of 30-50%. However, this estimate may be lower depending on the specific type of anxiety disorder. Several genetic heterogeneities for anxiety disorders have been identified including a variant of the transmembrane protein 132D (TMEM132D gene), monoamine oxidase A enzyme variant, and polymorphic region in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) which can have a short or long allele. The TMEM132D gene is a protein on the cell surface of a neuron which has a genetic variant that has been linked to problems with threat processing and anxiety. There is a genetic variant of monoamine oxidase A enzyme which has been linked to anxiety. Some research indicates there is anShow MoreRelatedLong Term Effects of Childhood Separation Anxiety1230 Words   |  5 PagesSeparation Anxiety Abstract This report delves into the connection between childhood separation anxiety disorder and the long-term implications that it may have. To understand the connections I preformed secondary research through â€Å"Academic Search Complete†. I found that childhood separation anxiety disorder is connected with serious mental disorders, such as anorexia, bulimia, social phobias, depression, and behavior disorders. Many studies have shown that childhood separation anxiety disorder is linkedRead MoreChildhood Separation Anxiety Disorder Among Adults With Adult Anxiety Disorders1121 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Childhood Separation Anxiety Disorder in Patients With Adult Anxiety Disorders† focuses on the prevalence of childhood separation anxiety disorder (CSA) in adults with one or more anxiety disorder, and whether or not there is a correlation between them. The authors clearly included their hypothesis, which states they presume there to be higher rates of childhood separation anxiety disorder among patients with various adult anxiety disorders than in adults with only one adult anxiety disorder. In additionRead MoreBeing A Child Self Report Instrument Developed As A Screening Tool For Children957 Words   |  4 Pagesexpanded my knowledge on disorders, diseases, symptoms and formations of these disorders/diseases. After searching and deciding the empirical article named ‘Psychometric Properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): A Replication Study’ researched by Boris Birmaher in 1999 was a topic I wanted to further explore. SCARED is a child self-report instrument developed as a screening tool for children who have been diagnosed with anxiety disorders. Birmaher was aware thatRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesHendricks symptoms of worry, and feeling overwhelmed is closely related to Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder (GA D) is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by excessive worry or anxiety about everyday events, whether they are internal or external or originating in the past, present, and/or future (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder result from increase, typical, inflexible interactions of cognitive, imaginal, and physiologicalRead MoreEmotional And Social Performance Of Children With Anxiety Disorders999 Words   |  4 PagesChildren with anxiety disorders struggle with tasks on a day to day basis that children without anxiety disorders do not even consider thinking about. Marni L. Jacob, Cynthia Suveg, and Monica R. Whitehead put on a study that tests the relationships between emotional and social functioning in children with anxiety disorders. This study is interesting to me personally because I know what it is like to constantly struggle with anxiety. I have generalized anxiety disorder. Due to this, researching aboutRead MoreChildhoo d Anxiety Among Children, Parental Anxiety, Parenting, And Children s Anxiety1241 Words   |  5 Pages Anxiety is an emotion characterized by increased blood pressure, feelings of tensions and worried thoughts. Many forms of anxiety disorders share the same nature of unrealistic and harmful levels of anxiety. For example, studies have pointed out parental anxiety and behaviors in the development of childhood anxiety problems. It is not known, why there are different impacts concerning the process that influences mother and fathers. Present or recent studies criticize the communication between maternalRead MoreThe Link Between Anxiety And Depression1352 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Topic: â€Å"Anxiety and depression are often linked, experts say, as dealing with long-term anxiety can lead to depression, or one may feel anxious about their battle with depression.† In order to talk about the â€Å"link† between Anxiety and Depression, there is a word that must be discussed: comorbidity. According one paper, â€Å"Comorbidity may imply either the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in an individual at a given time, or the manifestation of multiple disorders during the lifetime ofRead MoreChildhood Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders1168 Words   |  5 PagesAs time went on from the beginning of this semester to the end, I felt like I have expanded my knowledge on disorders, diseases, symptoms and formations of these disorders/diseases. After searching and deciding the empirical article named ‘Psychometric Properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): A Replication Study’ researched by Boris Birmaher in 1999 was continuing to catch my eye. After hesitating my decision on selecting this empirical article, because someRead MoreTypes Of Treatment For Anxiety Disorders873 Words   |  4 Pa gesIntroduction Anxiety disorders are distressing, and impairing conditions, associated with significant social costs (Palazzo, Altamura, Stein, Baldwin, 2014). There are many different types of treatment for anxiety disorders. Some are more effective than others. The studies within this paper will further tell us about anxiety disorder, different types of treatments, and treatment effectiveness. The Purpose of the Studies The purpose of the study by Palazzo, Altamura, Stein, and Baldwin (2014)Read MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1569 Words   |  7 Pagesfor autism spectrum disorder (ASD) occur has seen a dramatic growth in numbers. With diagnoses for ASD increasing, more siblings are also being found to have grown up with a sister or brother with autism spectrum disorder. Previous studies have shown no consensus on whether or not siblings of persons with ASD are at risk for negative effects. However, patterns of anxiety among these siblings are being examined to see if characteristics of a child with autism spectrum disorder and their parents can

The American Dream - 1017 Words

I believe the American Dream is living in a house , having a stable job , enough money to do whatever you would like and lastly to live happy. The American Dream is also to go to school and have freedom of speech. America does not provide access to the American Dream for everyone because everyone does not have the same opportunities as others to go to school and have a good job, in America people discriminate others of different race and for being a woman. Through Yezierska and Noda , we come to understand how the American Dream is not possible. In America Immigrants are discriminated for being the race that they are and also are being taken advantage of because they do not know the language or their rights. In the story â€Å" Growing up†¦show more content†¦This connects to the idea that America does not provide access to the American Dream because people like Noda and Yezierska do not get equal opportunities to have a stable job that has a good pay. Instead they are look ed down on and not treated the same because they are an immigrant. In America women are not treated the same as men also, American men put aside the hard work women do and believe women are not capable. In the story â€Å"Growing up Asian in America† the author Noda is a woman as well as in the story â€Å" American and I â€Å" the author Yezierska is also a woman from their point of view you can see the American dream is not possible for women’s. Noda met a man that believed women shouldn’t work and they should stay home as many people in America believe. Noda says â€Å"He harassed the women..â€Å"Don’t go to the fields! Don’t even bother to go to the fields†(Noda , 5). This shows us that men thought women could not handle certain jobs and wants them to stay at home or do â€Å"Women Jobs† like cleaning and cooking. The American Dream is supposed to have equal pay, but in most jobs a white male will be paid more than a colored woman. In addition, Yezierska is a women that went to America be lieving in the â€Å"American Dream† but slowly started believing there was no such thing for an immigrant woman like her. She says â€Å" I would open up my eyes some day and suddenly find the America of my dreams. As a young girl hungry for love..†(Yezierska , 5) . This shows usShow MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyon e, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreSister Carrie and the American Dream1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is surely based on the concept of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† but it is above all, a matter of ambition. James Truslow Adams, an American writer and historian, in 1931 states: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, which not only points towards a better standard of living for Americans but also denounces a degree of greed in the US society. Ambition not only â€Å"killed the catâ₠¬  butRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath And The American Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of the American Dream is ever changing depending on the person and the time of life that person is in. Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, both depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct Read MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach viewRead MoreJim Cullen And The American Dream2081 Words   |  9 Pages The American Dream, as defined by Cullen, is starting your goal off with a little and ending with more; it s like a business, you invest in it in order to gain more money. Usually, people will define the American Dream as being able to achieve your goal because everyone is offered opportunities. Cullen does acknowledge that people are born with different opportunities, so he talks about the good life. The good life describes different factors that determine your opportunities. Throughout the otherRead MoreFactors Influencing The American Dream1834 Words   |  8 Pagesindividual to succumb or to not succumb to the seductions of crime. These three factors are brilliantly portrayed in the television show, Breaking Bad and the novel, The Stick Up Kids. The American Dream is what many American citizens strive for. However, not all of those citizens are able to achieve the American Dream through a legal pathway. The reason an indivudal may not being able to do so is because of his or her background factors. It is important to note that background factors are a fractionRead MoreShark Tank And The American Dream1755 Words   |  8 PagesShark Tank and The American Dream The TV show Shark tank embodies everything the American dream represents. The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while

Hand Hygiene Related to Nosocomial-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Significance of Hand Hygiene Related to Nosocomial Infections. Answer: New practice approaches 515% of hospitalized patients suffer from healthcare-associated infections of which 3050% is preventable. The principal framework behind prevention is proper maintenance of hand hygiene (Pontivivo et al., 2012). I believe the first and the foremost step towards the maintenance of hand hygiene is proper cleaning of hands via hand sanitizer. This must be followed by drying of the hands and then proper use of the surgical gloves. The main component of hand sanitizer is alcohol. Alcohols have excellent in vitro germicidal activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative vegetative bacteria, including multidrug-resistant pathogens (e.g., MRSA and VRE). The new research suggests that the antimicrobial activity of alcohols is attributed due to their ability to denature proteins. 60%95% alcohol solution is found to be most effective. Higher concentrations of alcohol solution (120%) lacks water content and hence are less potent because it is difficult to disrupt the peptide bonds of the protein in the absence of water (Zapka et al., 2017). Intraprofessional collaboration The intraprofessional education is a form of a collaborative approach that occurs when two or more disciplines within the same profession are engaged in collaborative learning and subsequentlydelivering quality work via collaborative approach (Gagnon et al., 2017). In accordance of my best knowledge, I believe that in the domain of intra professional collaboration, the doctors and the nurse must work in a perfect symphony. While the doctors are on round or performing any surgery, it would be the duty of the nurse to arrange all the hand sterilization kit in front of the doctor so that he might not overlook before attending a patient. Moreover, there must be an avenue for them where they can sit and discuss about the implementation of the hand hygiene to prevent infection. Health care delivery and clinical systems The health care delivery and clinical systems comprise all the health care organizations, professional groups, and private and public purchasers (Jensen et al., 2015). The concept is, they should work in sync to reduce the burden of illness, injury, and disability which are mostly spread via hospital acquired infection and simultaneously improve the health and functioning of the mankind. I think these factors, plays an essential factor for improving the likelihood of disease screening and the early detection and management of the chronic illness. For me, the health care organizations observe campaign to increase the awareness of hand hygiene among the nurses, doctors and the pathological experts who are conducting the biochemical tests. The awareness program must also include the family members of the ailing persons who are suffering from contagious disease or re immune-deficient. Ethical considerations in health care Ethical considerations in healthcare includes avoiding the conflicts of interest, balancing of the profit with serving the patients and providing the charity care, managing the pediatric and geriatric patients who may not have decision-making capacity and addressing nurses moral distress about providing care with minimal benefit. Healthcare associated infections (HCAI) have high mortality rate. Proper hand hygiene is the only way to prevent HCAI. Despite emphasis on hand hygiene, healthcare professionals fail to use proper hand hygiene in day-to-day practice (Mortell et al 2013). The reason behind this is, low prioritization, insufficient time, inconvenience of hand wash, intolerance to antiseptics, and lack of proper leadership (Mortell et al., 2013). In order to avoid this, I feel strict ethical consideration must be implemented. The principal ethical consideration in health and hygiene are: Non-Maleficence Respect for Professional Autonomy Beneficence Population health concerns With the increase in population, the rate of occurrence of contagious and nosocomial diseases are also increasing. Typhoid mostly spread by feces (Buckle et al., 2012). In order to prevent this, proper hand hygiene must be observed in the every hospital and health care providers in the dispensaries. The role of technology in improving health care outcomes IT has a great potential to improve the quality of health care. As per my best knowledge, in order to increase the hand hygienic in the domain of nosocomial infection, IT can play a big role (Crocker-Buque et al., 2017). According to me, there must remain a definite database showcasing the degree of measures that needs to be adopted while treating a particular contagious disease or an immune deficient patient. Research is needed to: Evaluate the role of IT in improving clinical decision making, information management, communication, costs, and access to care; Assess barriers to successful implementation of proven IT, as well as strategies to overcome these barriers so that all patients and providers have access to technologies that can improve safety and quality of care; Generate solutions to eliminate the digital divide; Document the costs and resources associated with adopting and maintaining proven IT applications; and Evaluate transferability of IT solutions to other health care settings. The AHRQ is working diligently to develop a portfolio of IT initiatives. The Agency's research and demonstration projects will provide the evidence needed to guide future IT implementation to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of health care delivery in the United States. Health policy To me health policies are the "decisions, plans, and the plans that are undertaken for achieving the specific form of healthcaregoals within the society. According to theWorld Health Organization, an explicit form of the health policies will be able to achieve several things (Grob, 2014). I feel there must remain a stringent health policy regarding the ways and the norms of implementing the hand hygiene in order to prevent nosocomial infection. If the attending nurse or the doctor fail or refuse to abide by those policies then strict legal measure should be taken against them (Scaffa Reitz, 2013). Leadership and economic models Economic models must exist in order to ascertain the degree of cost burden while maintaining the hand hygiene in hospitals or private nursing homes. For me price is a constrain, escalating of operational charge and affecting the patient financial framework. Furthermore, the insurance companies must insure all the products, which come under the maintenance of hand hygiene like gloves, cotton, and hand sanitizers. Health disparities Health disparities refer to differences in the health status of different groups of people. According to the Health Resources and the Services of the administration of health, health disparities are defined as population-specific differences in the presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to healthcare. In the United States, health disparities are a well known problem among ethnic minorities such as African Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, and Latinos. For me health disparities lead to the outbreak of nosocomial infection among the downtrodden people. Proper awareness will lead to improvement of the present scenario. References Buckle, G. C., Walker, C. L. F., Black, R. E. (2012). Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: Systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010.Journal of global health,2(1). Crocker-Buque, T., Mindra, G., Duncan, R., Mounier-Jack, S. (2017). Immunization, urbanization and slumsa systematic review of factors and interventions.BMC public health,17(1), 556. Gagnon, M. P., Desmartis, M., Labrecque, M., Car, J., Pagliari, C., Pluye, P., ... Lgar, F. (2012). Systematic review of factors influencing the adoption of information and communication technologies by healthcare professionals.Journal of medical systems,36(1), 241-277. Grob, G. N. (2014).From asylum to community: Mental health policy in modern America. Princeton University Press. Jensen, R. E., Rothrock, N. E., DeWitt, E. M., Spiegel, B., Tucker, C. A., Crane, H. M., ... Cella, D. (2015). The role of technical advances in the adoption and integration of patient-reported outcomes in clinical care.Medical care,53(2), 153. Mortell, M., Balkhy, H. H., Tannous, E. B., Jong, M. T. (2013). Physician defiancetowards hand hygiene compliance: Is there a theorypracticeethics gap?.Journal of the Saudi Heart Association,25(3), 203-208. Pontivivo, G., Rivas, K., Gallard, J., Yu, N., Perry, L. (2012). A new approach to improving hand hygiene practice in an inner city acute hospital in Australia.Healthcare infection,17(2), 57-63. Scaffa, M. E., Reitz, S. M. (2013).Occupational therapy community-based practice settings. FA Davis. Zapka, C., Leff, J., Henley, J., Tittl, J., De Nardo, E., Butler, M., ... Edmonds-Wilson, S. (2017). Comparison of Standard Culture-Based Method to Culture-Independent Method for Evaluation of Hygiene Effects on the Hand Microbiome.mBio,8(2), e00093-17.

Graphic organizer Chew and Atin free essay sample

The main idea of the author’s journal is the mistreatment of the Chinese. The main idea of the author’s journal is the freedom and equality in America. Is the author happy or unhappy with his/her experience in America? The author is unhappy because he is not being treated the same as others ? The author is happy because she’s having a good life in America ? Explain one experience the author had that reflects his/her view of America. He tells us about his struggle on his love life, he cannot bring his wife from china nor marry an American women . Also how the rest of the cultures are treated much nicer than the Chinese. Mary tells us about how everything was free for her, and how she was treated the same. List at least three words from the journal entries that reflect the author’s point of view toward America. We will write a custom essay sample on Graphic organizer Chew and Atin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ignorant, mean, wrong. Delight, treasure, free How do the three writers differ in their attitude toward immigrants? All three writers have different attitudes toward immigrants. Mary Antin and Emma Lazarus have a more positive attitude while Lee has a more negative one due to his experience. Mary Antin’s journal excerpt was about her experience of immigrating to America with her family and how great life for them was there. Lee Chew wrote about how bad the Chinese were treated in the U. S. He wasn’t happy with this therefore his attitude wasn’t so great. Do you think the ideas of Americans today regarding immigrants are different or similar to the ideas expressed on the base of the Statue of Liberty? If so, how? I do not think the ideas of Americans today regarding to immigrants are different to the ideas expressed on the base of the Statue of Liberty. I think what has really changed is the attitude towards the immigrants cultures. There is one difference though, Immigrants back then were more legal immigrants they would come to America and be productive. Now, the majority of immigrants are illegal and are impacting the US social services. Other than that legal immigrants are still welcomed in America.

Brand Performances in Social Media †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Brand Performances in Social Media. Answer: Introduction The following assignment is a kind of a business report that has to be prepared on the SAP organization. The primary topic of the report is the strategies that a company or an organization can adopt in trying to spread its popularity on a global basis through social media. As everyone knows, social media is a very popular source of accessing updated news and events from all across the globe; it will only be fair to see the organizations take the help of the social media so that they can spread their business all across the world. The SAP organization works on the digital communication and software operations. This organization is a multinational software corporation and their working areas are to manage business operations and customer relations. The role of the multinational companies is so much intense because it has to operate on the various spheres of society and cross cultures. The company is headed by Bill McDermott as the CEO. The companys headquarters is at Walldorf in German y. The company is very much popular in its functional areas and it has its various regional offices more than 130 countries in the world. The making of software for business corporations is very much effective as it controls a big amount of business deals all across the world. The number of customers that the company is almost over 300000. This requires a big networking to communicate with so many customers all around. The welfare of their customers, their satisfaction levels have to be looked after by the software developers. The role of social media in this context is vital. Social Media Presence Social media is a very powerful medium of attracting the customers all over the globe. Whenever it comes to the question of social media, the social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, Google+ comes to the minds of the people (feng et al., 2013). Nowadays, most of the people are attracted to using the social media in order to grab the centre of attraction. These social media forums are used often by the organizations because it helps to raise their growth and popularity among their goals. Social media presence works for both the individual and the group (Gerbaudo, 2012). These groups are often recognized as business organizations. The main aims of social media presence are to identify the goals or the objectives of the organization (Naylor, Lamberton West, 2012). Then the part comes to making strategies on how to manage the customers. Almost all the big organizations and the growing organizations need to put up their marketing strategies on social media to incr ease the following. Situations may arise that their presentation of the business will surely like to grow their number of followers and the number of recommendations will grow all the more. It is an undeniable fact that good social media presence can affect the business in a positive way and it will help the business to lead its way to growth (Bravo-Biosca, Criscuolo Menon, 2016). The organizations need to have a large following and they have to assess the points of what they want from their end. The organizations need to know who their target markets are and where they want to reach so that they can attain a good deal of following. The organization, about which it is being discussed, is the SAP organization has a huge number of Facebook followers. It is a great thing that the SAP organization has a huge following. Their official Facebook page suggests that almost 782,472 people like their page and almost 777.356 people follow them on Facebook (Walldorf office, 2017) This is surely an excellent amount of following on a global basis. They are active on other social media sites like Twitter, Linkedin, Google+ and YouTube (Burgess Green, 2013). It has been noticed that a number of 17,641 tweets have been posted from the official tweeter page of the SAP organization and it has 212,023 people following under their belt (SAP (@SAP) | Twitter, 2017) This proves the y have an amazing number of followers across the globe. This is also another indicator that they are very much successful in their functional areas so the satisfied customers have opted for following them. Social Media Audience Social media audience is also an integral part of setting the tone for a good audience in the social media (Webster Ksiazek, 2012). Social media helps to decide the audience of the organizations. The aim of the audiences is to set their target audience. This can be referred as the digitized version of target segmentation in the area of marketing. In this format, the audience has to be set by the organizations as the people on whom they are targeting to grow the business around. There are some ways in which an organization can identify its customers. The concerned organization must choose its target audience by thinking to what gender the audiences mostly belong. The number of males and females is very a decisive fact in this manner. The organization must be able to recognize the age level of the audience so that they can fix their strategies according to that. The likes and the dislikes of the audiences must be assessed by the companies so that they can provide them with the proper positive feedbacks. The audience is generally the followers who follow the official pages or the concerned groups, communities that have been created by other enthusiastic followers. As Facebook is the most commonly used social media platforms, it is easier to connect with the taget audiences on Facebook. The second most commonly used social media platform, Twitter, helps the audiences search their favorite organizations by using the advanced search options. They can get the significant tweets by following the companys official page. Linkedin is also helpful because all the professional details of the company, its hierarchy, the functional roles of the senior officials, their experience are all given in this platform (McKorkle McKorkle, 2012). An organization like SAP uses these advantages to their fullest ("SAP Software Solutions Business Applications and Technology", 2017) An organization like SAP has business management solutions provider that offer 47 business products and it operates in more than 20 global business industries with almost 53000 employees. It is very difficult to run such a big organization all the time on the right track. The company took some important steps that yielded great positive results. They at first reviewed their social history, defining and finding the audience, setting goals to their advantage, selecting channels how to approach the audience and finally utilizing those channels effectively. They began to experiment on the newly taken strategies, wanting recommendations from the various departments, launching a pilot program to see if they are progressing on the right direction and then finally got their desired results which shows they have 70,000 followers at the moment on Linkedin and 82 product services and recommendations from their followers. Social Media Marketing Social media marketing is a very important tool that is used in the modern context of selling and buying of products (Tuten Solomon, 2014). Social media marketing concentrates on doing marketing through social media platforms and various websites and online shopping portals. Advertisements are the biggest weapons that the social media can put up to attract their customers. The shares of the companies lie in the hands of the stakeholders of the company and they control the marketing strategies of them. The companies have to approach the various stakeholders so that they can take proper steps to brand the new products. They would find some measures to address the customers, both current and potential (Boone Kurtz, 2013). The companies can thus approach the current and potential employees, journalists, bloggers and also the common people through their advertisements. In the sphere of social media marketing, the business organizations, their officials build proactive relationships with their individual followers through the help of the social media. Thus it is a very effective medium for communicating with their customers and they can also their feedbacks. Social media marketing has an amazing power to elevate the customer base of an organization. In order to be successful in social media marketing, an organization must focus on listening to what the customers need rather than talking more. The companies must focus on some specialized segments of products. The quality issue always has to be maintained because that is what attracts the customers attention (Singh Sonnenburg, 2012). The contents of the products have to be accessible all the time to the customers so that they can recommend it later. This helps to keep the good reputation up all the time. SAP organization has assessed its market values very well so that they know what their strengths and weaknesses are. They have maintained transparency of the products and their qualities. They know very well about which products are well received and which products are not. Suppose software has been installed on the system by a business organization and it has not been running well so they have to work on that more so that it would help them to get better feedbacks. They have to keep a good Customer Relationship Management to retain their customer base (Al, 2012). Ethics, Privacy and Security Social networking sites have provided various kinds of information to their customers, business partners, their family members, their friends and companions, even the people they do not even know. People thus come to know about their plans and strategies as the social networking sites have to unfold their probable strategies and business decisions online. They share the information in the groups, their official pages and other communities. The reason behind is that the people have to be kept aware about these things (Wolf Heyman, 2015). Very often things happen when hackers seize their opportunity to hack the important data from their databases and all the important strategies and information are leaked. They just collect the data and spread these all over. These situations have to be tackled with taking strict steps to prevent these data from being stolen from the systems and databases. Some security strategies are needed to be developed in order to prevent this practice (Lee, 2013 ). Some ethics should be maintained as well in times of using the social media (Christians et al., 2015). Some guidelines have to be developed so that the ethics are maintained properly. SAP has also made some guidelines according to which the employees other customers, clients and other concerned people have to follow steps by which they will be able to prevent the important information being stolen and contribute to securing the data privacy systems. Some of the important=t ethics and privacy measure can be discussed below:- Every employee and client has to maintain his/her originality. All creative ideas should be clear and creative. Original opinions or views should be encouraged. All the seniors have to be respected. Employees should use their brains in tackling against difficult situations. They should be well-mannered because internet is used by public in common. In case of any problem, official responses might be asked for by the hierarchy. All the rules and regulations should be followed strictly. Social Media Technologies Social media is a viable medium of connecting with people of all countries and thus making a global contact in terms of culture, economy, and other aspects. As it has been discussed earlier in the previous sections, the contribution of social media in the fields of business industries and marketing of brands and products has increased all the more. Many important decisions are conveyed to the customers through social media. People come to know of the important business decisions and the launching of the new products through social media. Thus the use of technology has become so crucial with the advent of new technologies that people of new generation depend on it on a regular basis (Trainor et al., 2014). Facebook users can connect with each other through various devices like smart phones, tablets and computers. The users can share data, pictures, videos, web links and various other ones. Twitter users can get the recent updates from the individuals and the organizations that they follow. The users can follow popular groups, celebrities, popular business industries, organizations so that they can get instant updates from their pages. A person, group, or organization can post tweets that counts up to 140 characters and another person can retweet it writing RT before the message (Feng Wang, 2013). Google+ is a recent platform in the social networking sites that is was launched in June. 2011 (Magno et al., 2012). The service users can group their friends into circles. Then they can share different articles between them like music, videos or websites. The user profiles contain profile pictures, biographical information and others. Linkedin is considered as the largest professional social network. In the Linkedin profiles, the users can incorporate their employment details, their character and their working preferences. In this application, the business organizations can upload job openings for the benefit of the users. SAP organization is itself a software developing company so they know these factors very well. They use their skills and capability to direct the growth of the company through perfect strategies. They would have to make sure that all the strategies are properly implemented. They have to be cautious while implementing the strategies of social media marketing. They must present their brands in a way that all the customers will be attracted to buy it. Conclusion In the concluding part, it can be said that social media marketing is truly a new era phenomenon. The days of marketing in the traditional ways has almost come to a halt these days because of the continuous rise of social media marketing. There are many advantages of this form of marketing because it saves a lot of time and the strategies can be implemented sitting in front of the devices. The various social media platforms contribute in a grand way to match the demands of the customers. The users of social media are largely benefitted from the effects of this. An organization like SAP has used these advantages to the full. They have made their presence felt in a big way in the social media. Their increasing rate of the followers has motivated them to launch more new software and spread their business more. The Facebook and twitter following of this organization has to be taken under consideration to measure the growth rate of this company. They have targeted their audience base on t he social media platforms and utilized it effectively so that their productivity will be benefitted. They have also applied the factors of privacy and ethics. 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