International Entrepreneurship Group Project

Business Plan The need After conducting thorough research on the market concerning kitchen appliances, it is clear that there exists a market gap for dish washing machine. From the findings, currently in the market, there are only two business entities providing the dish washing service – one dish washing machine and the house help. The idea of setting up another washing machine manufacturing firm is, therefore, in line with the current market behavior.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Entrepreneurship Group Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Setting up another company that makes the washing machines will, as a result, provide customers with alternative to choose from; it will also push the already existing company towards producing better quality products (Kolb, 2008). In addition, proper management would allow the firm to thrive by establishing itself as the best in manufacturing washi ng machines through initiating a healthy competition within the sector. Merits The firm’s produce is environmental-friendly since the product does not release harmful wastes to the environment. The product is also convenient; it easies people’s life and saves their time. The washing machine like any other machine would serve to make work easier by working at users’ convenience. The commodity also seeks to help consumers save time by doing the required duty within the limited time. The equipment should be designed in such a manner that it should be easy in use by the target group through initiation of simple commands. The user interface should be fit by well-placed buttons with lightings that are to be easily interpreted by the user. Low cost of maintenance is another advantage of the company. Its design is well-thought in order to avoid complexity by reducing the frequency of occurrence of moving parts within the machine One of the advantages of mechanization is its speed of operation because people can do the same operation slower as compared to the output of machines.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Target market In line with its production, the produced commodity targets, in particular, the working class with lots of office work to take care of, and as such they have little time to do their house duties. Equally, the firm is also targeting the hotel and catering industry in general. Big hotels serving a large number of customers require efficiency and fastness in order to attend to the needs of their customers within favorable time. It is clear that by mechanizing the industry, they will not only increase the speed of the hotel operations but also ensure that employees meet all the needs of their clients as thus they have time to do that (Landstrà ¶m, 2012). The commodity will also equip the catering companies, which deliver se rvices to a large number of persons. Expected unit volume sales Given the high number in the targeted region, with the USA boasting a larger population of up to over three hundred and thirteen million, and Germany having over eighty million heads, the company stipulates to serve the outlined population by delivering the below mentionedquantity to the market. The firm will, however, concentrate on supplying the local market before setting up its operations abroad. COUNTRY POLUTATION (In millions) QTY (in ‘000) USA About 313 500 Germany About 81 150 Table 1. Estimate sales volume against population count in the USA and Germany. 4P’S Product Considering the nature of the market, both local and foreign, as outlined in the market research report, both markets have mechanized and human labor. The washing machine that is to be produced by the firm will seek to bridge the gap between the services offered by the human labor and the already established washing machine m ethod. The machine, therefore, will be designed to provide the much needed speed, efficiency, convenience and the ability to handle large volumes of load. Verily, the machine will also be easy to use, with much attention given to raw materials used in manufacturing the machine to ensure that the final product does not wear out fast. The firm will also study the prevailing market behavior to ensure that it produces the required amount of goods for the available market. This will help reduce wastage as a result of poor planning. Price In order to enter into the market, which has already been traversed by the competitors and other service providing companies, the firm would set price at a reasonable value in between the cost of hiring a house help and the pricing of the already occurring alternatives. The set price will allow the firm to maximize its profit from sales in addition to luring more customers. While the price of the commodity is expected to remain fairly static, it will be subject to change depending on the changes in the factors of production. Commodity Manufactured washing machine Washing machine in the market House-help Price $100 $130 $200 per month Table 2. Prices of the commodities in the marketAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Entrepreneurship Group Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Place The firm should be located in proximity both to the target market and the factors of production. This would help cut on the cost of transportation from the firm’s warehouse to the market and even in shipping the raw materials from their point of production to the factory (Lord, 2012). The presence of the international airport is also an added advantage since it allows for easier exportation and transportation of the machines The Company, therefore, may be located in New York. Promotion In line with the market structure, since the market already has other substitute commodities and service providing entities, the firm, therefore, will need to do more aggressive advertisements and sales promotion in order to penetrate the market (Hisrich, 2010). The firm, therefore, plans to invest in running advertisements of the existing new product in sensitizing the population at large through business magazines; participation in business shows, televisions and even radios. Additionally, the firm seeks to provide a fifteen percent discount on the first one thousand goods to be sold.The firm also intends to do door-to-door campaigns in areas where the competitors have strongly set their base. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis allows for evaluation of the business strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats both internally and externally. From the SWOT analysis done on establishing the firm, the factors listed below have been established as the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to the manufacturing of a washing machine. Strengths Well- organized management team, this will ensure smooth flow of firm operations in terms of supervision and execution of duties (Dana Therese, 2010). The firm intends to employ particularly from the local labor market in order to minimize on movement of the employees for proper service delivery. The management would help in supervising the firm’s operation so as to ensure the firm’s growth within the established boundary. Weaknesses The possible weaknesses for the manufacturing exercise include: – low capital base that will limit the expansion of the whole production exercise;Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More – inability to recruit experienced expertise for the manufacturing of the washing machine, which may limit the number of well-trained employees that the firm can accommodate in terms of wages. Opportunities Some of the existing opportunities that the firm seeks to take advantage of include well-established position with a clearly spelt out channel for market reach. The firm is to be set up the country’s capital that boasts well-developed infrastructure in addition to its large number of inhabitants. This will present the firm with a greater chance of delivering its product to the readily available market within the intended time. Opportunities presented for the company also include readily available market for the washing machines. This will allow for mass production of the machines, hence high profit from large sales volume. Threats Already established firms dealing with manufacturing of washing machines will offer stiff competition to the newly established firm. Gene rally, house-helps are more appealing to people than machines; therefore, they may prove a hindrance to market penetration. Possibilities of emergence of other manufacturing firms will lead to production of commodities in excess of the market; as a result, there will be reduced volume of sales hence low returns. Marketing in Germany Although marketing the product both in the USA and Germany will be more expensive in comparison to marketing only in the USA, it comes with lots of benefit as compared to the latter. Marketing in both countries (the USA and Germany) would ensure that a greater geographical region is covered within the appropriate time. This will make the brand known to a greater number of people, drawing attention to a new commodity in the market, which will translate to large sales volume as a result of reaching (Harper et al, 2010). The firm will, therefore, conduct marketing in Germany due to its large population with a view of tapping its wide market. After considera tions on the availability and occurrence of factors of production, the USA stood out as the best choice of place for setting up the firm. The reasons in favor of the US as the best location: The USA enjoys a fairly stable economy; therefore, it provides a financial security the investment. The USA has a higher population than that of Germany (U.S. CB, 2013), and since the kitchen appliance is targeting households by default, the USA would, therefore, provide a wider market. The USA is open to the whole world. Countries around the world look up to the USA for delivering better and quality products. Having the firm set up in the USA would, therefore, allow for easy penetration into the market, especially the foreign one. Generally, English, which is the national language in the country, is widely used across the whole continent. Setting up the firm in the USA will, therefore, allow for labeling, user guides and even advertisements to be done in English. This will allow the company to reach larger target group over a short time (George Yvonne, 2007). The USA also enjoys a favorable political environment, which is essential for growth of the business. Favorable political environment enables proper formulation and implementation of business policies as outlined by the government of the day. This provides protection to business entities against unfavorable completion. Additionally, the USA has better trade relations with the rest of the world, Europe in specific, which happens to be a significant target market for the product. Having the firm established in the USA will enable the firm easily to ship the product to the foreign market. Self-manufacturing versus potential outsourcing decisions and reasoning While outsourcing for ideas as well as reasoning is a more cohesive approach, it comes with increased expenditure on hiring additional professionals for the already catered for areas. While it enables the firm management to make informed decisions on policies formu lation and implementation, outsourcing for ideas slows the rate of operation especially if it comes to decision making process and implementation of policies since all the ideas drawn from outside will also be put under consideration (Christopher et al, 2012). Self-manufacturing, on the other hand, would allow the recently set-up company to blend in original ideas into operation to ensure uniqueness of the produced product. Since the firm is still a young enterprise, self –manufacturing would allow it to be run in accordance to the set objectives, without interference from external input. It will also allow the firm to make faster decision in addition to ensuring that decisions made are in line with the business objectives (Gary, 2010). In line with this understanding, owing to the firm’s limited financial base, the company will be looking to establish itself as a self- manufacturing entity. Distribution methods Taking into consideration the firm’s proximity to the market and the nature of commodity that the firm would be dealing with, the company should consider setting up sales point in the major targeted areas for an easy access by the potential customers. Areas where low sales volume is anticipated will be served on customer orders by the door-to-door delivery method, by a van in order to create a good rapport with customers (Malcolm, 2012). Goods made for the external market will be airlifted to the firm’s warehouses, which have been set up in the foreign market. From the warehouses, the company will deliver the product to the customers upon purchase by a van. In some areas, however, the product will be stored in the warehouse long enough until demand arises. HR plan Being a business setup dealing in the manufacturing of electrical washing machine, the firm will obviously need to have a human resource plan dealing with the recruitment, evaluation and dismissal of its employees. In this line, the HR would be required to abide by the labor laws and regulations employed in the different countries (Coase, 2012). In the USA, for example, the firm is to abide by the following labor policies. The set minimum wage for every employee act outlines the minimum wage to be paid. The Fair Labor Standards Act established in 1938 dictates the minimum wage and payments for overtime hours that employers in the private sector need to pay their employees taking into consideration a number of exceptions in reference to the nature and capacity of the business operations. The USA also has in place the free movement and immigration act that allows employees to roam freely within the country borders, when discharging their duties. Employers, therefore, should ensure that employees that they seek to employ are available within the allocated time as spelt out in the contract signed between the two parties. The labor industry is also regulated by the pension policy, which seeks to protect employees from being denied their rightful r etirement gains, upon expiry of the contract or on official retirement as outlined in the policies. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act establishes the agreed standard and criteria for funding the retirement and care benefits that the employers offer to their employees upon retirement. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act also spells out the necessary actions to be taken against the employers that discriminate against employees preventing them from obtaining their deserved benefits as outlinedin the state laws that govern the labor industry. Health care and safety act outlines the standards for workplace safety. This act also enables workers to refuse to work under unhealthy and unsafe conditions (USA DOL, 2013). The act also provides that the employers, especially in the manufacturing industry, should give their employees protective guards to offer protection against injuries and harmful chemicals. Trade union act allows workers to participate in trade unions, activi ties dealing with union’s welfares and other businesses within the set state laws, in which the workers would like to involve (William, 2004). Right to organize, this state law allows the employees in the private sector to be represented by their trade unions in legal disputes between employers and employees. Equally, the dismissal protection policy protects the workers against unlawful dismissal form duty by their employers. Alike the USA, Germany also has state laws and provisions that aim at protecting both the employers and the employees. Some of these policies are listed below. Federal Data Protection Act protects the employees against infringement of their right to privacy as a result of improper handling of their personal data by the interested parties. It also outlines equivalent penalties for employers who do not comply with the set standards. Germany also has adopted the Termination Protection Act which protects the employees from untimely voluntary resignation of e mployees without prior notice or ascension of the employer. Germany also has the environmental protection policy that requires manufacturing firms in the country properly to dispose their waste products. This policy also providesfor the allowed amount of poisonous gaseous wastes that industries can release into the atmosphere. It also provides for the penalties that the industries may face should they violate the environmental control policies. From the foregoing, it is true that there are policies that cut across in both countries, the USA and Germany. These policies include the employee protection act which protects the employees from unlawful dismissal from their duties by their employers. Additionally, both countries have the environmental protection act that seeks to regulate the amount of wastes that manufacturing firms release into environment. The states also have different sets of policies regarding the labor industry. Unlike the USA, in Germany, the labor policy requires t he employees to provide their employers with prior notification of their resignation from duty in correspondence with German’s employment statutes. The employees are, however, exempted from providing such a notice in cases where they have been involved in criminal acts, and when the working conditions are deemed unhealthy for both parties involved. Additionally, in comparison with the USA which has put more restrictions on the employee’s background checks through state and local laws, in Germany, such restrictions have more obligations that outweigh the advantages attached to the whole exercise. Again, unlike in the USA, employers in Germany should take into consideration the German quota obligation that requires at least five percent of employees to be disabled in cases where the firm intends to employ more than twenty workers (Jens et al, 2010). References Christopher, R., Fraser, M., Mary, A. (2012). The Engagement Equation: Leadership Strategies for an Inspired Wo rkforce. New Jersey: Wiley publishers. Coase, R. (2012). The Firm, the Market, and the Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Dana, M., Therese, H. (2010). Business Planning. New York City: Aspen Publishers. Gary, N. (2010).Managing a Diverse Workforce: Learning Activities. California: SAGE Publications, Inc. George, M., Yvonne, R. (2007). The Language of Environment: A New Rhetoric. London: Routledge. Harper, B., John, M., Orville, W. (2010).Marketing Strategy: A Decision Focused Approach. New York City: McGraw-Hill. Hisrich, R. D. (2010). International Entrepreneurship: Starting, Developing and Managing a Global Venture. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc. Jens, K., Pascal, R., Michael M. (2010). Key Aspects of German Employment and Labor Law. New York City: Springer. Kolb, B. (2008). Marketing Research: A Practical Approach. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Landstrà ¶m, H. (2012). Handbook of Research on Venture Capital, Volume 2. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Lord , Y. (2012). A Guide to Starting and Developing a New Business. London: HM government. Malcolm, R. (2012). How to start a business: Take control of your own future. Chicago: Abby Logan. United States Census Bureau. (2013). U.S. and World Population Clock. Web. United States Department Of Labor. (2013). Summary of the Major Laws of the Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/majorlaws William, B. (2004). A Primer on American Labor. Cambridge: The MIT Press. This essay on International Entrepreneurship Group Project was written and submitted by user Jimmy E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

History Of Castles Essays - Feudalism, Motte-and-bailey Castle

History of Castles Castles did not just appear, but rather evolved over a long time. The first castles were nothing more than wooden forts. But by the 15th century they had evolved into magnificent works of art. Castles have been around since before history was recorded. The first forms of castles were for protection, and evolved from the structures that fortified many Roman cities. This form of castle evolved into the Motte-and-bailey castle, which consisted of a wooden citadel placed atop a motte (hill), and a larger courtyard below, both were enclosed by a wooden fortification, and usually surrounded by a moat. The Motte-and-bailey lasted untill near the end of the 10th century when the Normans introduced stone to the original castles, and improved on their defensive capabilities. During this time period (10th-12th century) there were many wars between lords in the feudal system, and the castle became a prominent part of the manor. In the 12th century, the crusades introduced a new type of castle, which reflected the infleunce of the Byzantine fortifications. One of the major improvements over the old design was the introduction of towers to the outside walls. No longer were the walls in a rectangular form as was prominent between the 10th and 12th centuries. Lords began to make their castles more complex, and add a new aspect, comfort. Between the 14th, and 16th century castles lost their importance. Partly because of the formation of monarchy, and centralized government. But also because of the development of gunpowder which made the fortifications impractical. Many castles were remodeled to form more practical living quarters. Some castles were unable to be remodled, and were sold simpley for the value of the building materials. Many castles still exist today. They serve as tourist attractions. Some are even still inhabited, and have been converted for use as a chateau. The tower of London is an example of the later Motte-and-bailey castle. It now serves as a tourist attraction. One of the few castles in the U.S. is the Castillo de San Marcos in St. Augustine, Flardia. It was built by the Spaniards between 1672 and 1760. It had walls 30 feet high and 15 feet wide it is the largest surviving castle in the U.S. . BIBLIOGRAPHY ------------ castle Academic American Encyclopedia 1987 CASTLE Encyclopedia International 1982 CASTLE World Book 1986 CASTLE Britanica Junior Encyclopedia 1982 castle Merit Student Encyclopedia 1983

Legalize It †Marijuana Essay

Legalize It – Marijuana Essay Free Online Research Papers Marijuana is a drug once viewed by the populous at large as â€Å"refer madness†, A March, 1936 Scientific American news item Marijuana Menaces Youth , stated: â€Å"Marijuana produces a wide variety of symptoms in the user including hilarity, swooning, and sexual excitement, combined with intoxicant, it often makes the smoker vicious, with a desire to fight and kill.† There has been extensive research disproving this misleading notion, marijuana is currently a very recognizable accepted recreational drug considered among several age groups as fairly harmless. Those who oppose the legalization of it use fear that its abuse may become a more widespread issue. This viewpoint is obviously that of the legislators who dictate its illegality. However, many recent studies suggest the possibilities of marijuana’s medicinal properties as well as demonstrate a rebuttal to many previous misconceptions attached to its recreational use. These discoveries bring to the tab le the argument of whether or not this drug should be made legal. Up until Monday June 4th 2005, the states of Vermont, California, Maine, Hawaii, Alaska, Nevada, Montana, Oregon, Colorado, and Washington state had approved and past the legalization of the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes. Conversely, the Supreme Court decision made on this date has made it so that the people who are prescribed marijuana can now be prosecuted by federal authorities. Two terminally ill patients in the state of California were arrested after not too long after this ruling. Mrs. Raich, who has brain cancer, and Mrs. Monsoon, who grew marijuana in her yard to alleviate chronic back pain, sued the government in federal court after raids a year earlier by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The two women were among those arrested, claimed they were protected by passage of California’s proposition 215. These women along with many other gravely sick individuals are victims of an absurd government ruling that undercuts its states liberties. To upk eep this new regulation is going to be an unnecessary waste of time more directly its taxpayers’ time as well as funding. It is clear from available studies that marijuana succeeds where other prescription drugs fail in the treatment of a number of serious ailments such as AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain of any and other conditions as well. There are synthetic alternatives available to marijuana; namely Dronobinol and Naboline, these two drugs have been reported to have numerous adverse effects. This is due to the fact that unlike actual marijuana, the patient cannot regulate the dosage as easily. It is also ineffective because the synthetics available are indiscriminate when it comes to the receptors in the brain that they bind. In other words, marijuana goes certain places while synthetics go anywhere. Of all the negative consequences of prohibition, none is as tragic as the denial of medical marijuana to the tens of thousands of seriously ill patients who could benefit from its therapeutic use. Marijuana in comparison to other conventional medicines for which it may b e substituted, is less toxic and costly. Furthermore taking this information into consideration as a logical reason to legalize would ensure that people like Raich and Monsoon would not be crowding our prisons. Still yet, other studies conclude that the brain produces its very own version of marijuana with similar effects. In the human brain there is a specific receptor for marijuana that has come to be called the cannabinoid (CB1) receptor. A receptor is a protein in the brain to chemicals bind to produce effects. When the receptor for marijuana was discovered in 1988 in was named the cannabinoid receptor and many continuous studies were done on what the functions of the CB1 receptor in our brain was for. They found out about the presence of a fatty acid called anamide that is naturally produced and attaches to the CB1 receptor paralleling the effect of marijuana on the brain. Later scientist came across yet another lipid that binds to the CB1 receptor called 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). As studies continued, the question of why our bodies naturally have a receptor for a chemical that comes from a plant was raised. It has been concluded that the molecule for marijuana, Delta-9-tetr ahydocannibinol (THC) is similar enough to the ones that we produce naturally that its effects are the same. Research was then done on rodents brains with a less than normal supply of the CB1 receptor and then on one with a sufficient supply on the fear of shock related sound. Scientists investigating the basis of anxiety commonly began by training rodents to associate a particular signal with something that frighten them. They administer a brief mild shock to the feet at the same time they generate a sound. After a while the animal will freeze in anticipation of the shock if it hears the sound. If the sound is repeatedly played without the shock the animal stops being afraid when it hears the sound that is it unlearns the fear. Researchers came to the conclusion that CB1 played a huge role in how readily the rats unlearned their fear once the sound was administered with out the shock. This information could prove that absence of this receptor maybe responsible for order such as post traumatic stress, and other anxiety related disorders. A common concern of government officials is how its legalization can lead to abuse and large amount of the population will suffer from its long term effects. Marijuana definitely can be abused, but in a country with a government that has legal alcohol and tobacco opposition to marijuana is a bit of a contradiction. These two legal drugs combine lead to millions of deaths per day in America .To be exact with the numbers Over 100,000 deaths each year in the U.S. are alcohol related, about 15,000 due to driving accidents. Marijuana deaths average to zero in a long record. Marijuana is to a large extent less addictive than alcohol and, if addiction is to occur, dependency is generally easy to treat and mild by contrast. Alcohol is by for the more dangerous of the two drugs and it is the prohibition of marijuana while alcohol is available to the population at large is a bit backwards on the part of our government administration. Also if marijuana was legalized the government could pu t a sin tax on it like they do with cigarettes and alcohol and its traffic in and out of the country would be a lot easier to monitor. It is clear that legalizing it would be not only good for people suffering from terminal illness but it would also empty out our jails leaving room for more serious criminal offenders, and save money for both the government and for taxpayers. Research Papers on Legalize It - Marijuana EssayUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital PunishmentPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Fifth HorsemanQuebec and CanadaGenetic EngineeringRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

How Women Abolitionists Fought Slavery

How Women Abolitionists Fought Slavery Abolitionist was the word used in the 19th century for those who worked to abolish the institution of slavery. Women were quite active in the abolitionist movement, at a time when women were, in general, not active in the public sphere. The presence of women in the abolitionist movement was considered by many to be scandalous- not just because of the issue itself, which was not universally supported even in states that had abolished slavery within their borders, but because these activists were women, and the dominant expectation of the proper place for women was in the domestic, not the public, sphere. Nevertheless, the abolitionist movement attracted quite a few women to its active ranks. White women came out of their domestic sphere to work against the enslavement of others. Black women spoke from their experience, bringing their story to audiences to elicit empathy and action. Black Women Abolitionists The two most famous black women abolitionists were Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman. Both were well-known in their time and are still the most famous of the black women who worked against slavery. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper and Maria W. Stewart are not as well known, but both were respected writers and activists. Harriet Jacobs wrote a memoir that was important as a story of what women went through during slavery, and brought the conditions of slavery to the attention of a wider audience. Sarah Mapps Douglass, part of the free African American community in Philadelphia, was an educator who also worked in the antislavery movement. Charlotte Forten Grimkà © was also part of the Philadelphia free African American community involved with the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.   Other African American women who were active abolitionists included Ellen Craft, the Edmonson sisters (Mary and Emily), Sarah Harris Fayerweather, Charlotte Forten, Margaretta Forten, Susan Forten, Elizabeth Freeman (Mumbet), Eliza Ann Garner, Harriet Ann Jacobs,  Mary Meachum, Anna Murray-Douglass (first wife of Frederick Douglass), Susan Paul,  Harriet Forten Purvis, Mary Ellen Pleasant, Caroline Remond Putnam, Sarah Parker Remond, Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, and Mary Ann Shadd. White Women Abolitionists More white women than black women were prominent in the abolitionist movement, for a variety of reasons: Although the movement of all women was restricted by social convention, white women had more freedom than black women to move about.White women were more likely to have the income to support themselves while doing abolitionist work.Black women were, after the Fugitive Slave Act and the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision, at risk of capture and transport to the South if someone alleged (rightly or wrongly) that they were escaped slaves.White women were generally better-educated than black women were (even though not at all on a par with the education of white men), including in formal oratory skills popular as a topic in education at the time. White women abolitionists were often connected with liberal religions like the Quakers, Unitarians, and Universalists, which taught the spiritual equality of all souls. Many white women who were abolitionists were married to (white) male abolitionists or came from abolitionist families, though some, like the Grimke sisters, rejected the ideas of their families. Key white women who worked for the abolition of slavery, helping African American women navigate an unjust system (in alphabetical order, with links to find more about each): Louisa May AlcottSusan B. AnthonyAntoinette Brown BlackwellElizabeth BlackwellEdnah Dow CheneyLydia Maria ChildLucy ColmanPaulina Kellogg Wright DavisMary Baker EddyMargaret FullerAngelina Grimke and her sister, Sarah GrimkeJulia Ward HoweMary LivermoreLucretia MottElizabeth Palmer PeabodyAmy Kirby PostElizabeth Cady StantonLucy StoneHarriet Beecher StoweMary Edwards WalkerVictoria WoodhullMarie Zakrzewska More white women abolitionists include: Elizabeth Buffum Chace, Elizabeth Margaret Chandler, Maria Weston Chapman, Hannah Tracy Cutler, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson, Eliza Farnham, Elizabeth Lee Cabot Follen, Abby Kelley Foster,  Matilda Joslyn Gage,  Josephine White Griffing, Laura Smith Haviland, Emily Howland, Jane Elizabeth Jones, Graceanna Lewis, Maria White Lowell, Abigail Mott, Ann Preston, Laura Spelman Rockefeller, Elizabeth Smith Miller,  Caroline Severance,  Ann Carroll Fitzhugh Smith, Angeline Stickney, Eliza Sproat Turner,  Martha Coffin Wright.

Compare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Compare - Essay Example This paper will compare and contrast the art of the Renaissance as against the art of the 20th century. I will do so by choosing two artists, one from each era and comparing and contrasting their styles on the basis of the ideas, methods, materials and media they employed. Further I will discuss at least three works of each artist to prove my point. For the purpose of this assignment I have chosen to compare and contrast the works of Michelangelo in the Renaissance Era to that of Salvador Dali in the 20th century. Both of these artists were incredibly talented and hardworking, worked on a variety of mediums and in a sense became the iconic artists of their eras. While surrealism dealt with imagery, this is no less important in the spiritual paintings of the Renaissance. The Art of the Renaissance The Renaissance can be characterized as a time during the fifteenth century in Europe when there was a rebirth or reawakening of the human mind and spirit in almost every way. Every discipli ne of importance was affected, including art. The Early Renaissance started in Italy round about the year 1400. It can be said that the Renaissance took Europe from the medieval times to the modern ages. All art forms like sculpture, paintings and even decorative art of this period bear some similar and distinctive characteristics that indicate the change in thinking as well as the creation of new artistic sensibilities. Among the prominent artists of the Renaissance are Titian, Raphael, Michelangelo, Bellini, Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Boticelli. The opening work of this era is characterized by the bronze doors of the Baptistry of the Florentine cathedral designed by Lorenzo Ghiberti. Its culmination may be seen in the work on the Sistine Chapel done by Perugino, Ghirlandaio, Boticelli and Rosselli through their frescoes depicting the Life of Christ and the life of Moses. The Art of the 20th Century Twentieth century art had its beginnings in the movement towards modernism from t he late 19th century. It is also called Modern Art. Its beginnings lie in Art Nouveau and Post Impressionism. The art of the 20th century espoused many forms and used a variety of mediums. It was characterized at various times by Cubism, Fauvism, Dadaism and Futurism. Prominent among the artists of the 20th century are Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, Andy Warhol, Jackson Pollock and Damien Hirst. Each of these artists has used a different medium and some a variety of mediums to express their feelings and ideas. Ideas, Methods, Materials and Media Michelangelo was a versatile artist and a great painter and sculptor. He is said to have been a keen observer of the human body and even studied corpses for anatomical details. The results are clearly evident in his sculptures of the Pieta and David, classical masterpieces completed before he was thirty years old. Michelangelo studied painting under Domenico Ghirlandaio and sculpture under Bertoldo di Giovanni and emerged as one of their best pupils before embarking on his own career as an artist. He fashioned works of art out of wood, marble and stone, besides painting numerous frescoes. His work on the Sistine Chapel which took four years to complete (1508-12) and Pope Julius’s Tomb which due to various interruptions was completed in forty years remain outstanding as some of the hallmarks of Renaissance work (Hibbard, 48). Salvador Dali who was

Diversity Quotient ; Personality Insights Assignment

Diversity Quotient ; Personality Insights - Assignment Example Some of these methods include making sure that people in any organization have a close way of relating during all matters. It is important to keep in mind that diversity is multi-dimensional and so there exists many forms used to determine it. For this reason, various methods should be used to ensure that the quotients acquired are of great accuracy. While analyzing diversity in organizations, existing statistical data regarding turn over could be useful. In the course of analyzing the data, it is possible to zero in on all specific causes of diversity which are addressed every time they are uncovered. In an organization, feedback can be obtained from turnover statistics by ensuring that commonly asked questions have available answers. These questions include data about the gender, ethnicity, and racial breakdown of all turnover percentages. This kind of question can assist in determining the reasons as to why different employees leave the organization and how to retain diverse employees and different organizational associates. Personality can be attributed to an individual’s perspective which can be used to describe their self. For this reason it really difficult to come across people with similar personalities. No matter how similar personalities might appear, there is always a certain way of differentiating them hence gaining differences. Personality insights is about recognizing and responding to different personality types. Understanding ones personality styles has a lot of benefits which might include increased productivity, reduction of stress, personal development, Improvement in team building, unlocking leadership potential and success in relationships. It is essential that all people understand their personalities since a lack of understanding one’s self and probably others may lead into certain problems. These problems could be tension, hurt feelings, unmet expectations, and poor

Entrpreneurs ( management ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Entrpreneurs ( management ) - Essay Example For this purpose, I have come up with a new business idea of MOTOTAXI service that aims to target people who prefer convenient, efficient & effective means of transportation that not only take them to their destinations but also saves their time, money and headache of driving or waiting for public transport such as underground railway system, taxis, rickshaws and cabs. Mototaxi is a simple motor cycle branded as a taxi. It is made for one passenger only (either man or a woman) and it mainly targets middle class and lower middle office going employees, sole proprietors, doctors, lawyers, teachers, students and individuals etc aged between 16-45 years. The reason for choosing this market segment is because of the fact that they like to save money, are interested to reach their destinations in time, prefer secure, convenient and quality transport accessible at any point and any location with less of a hassle. Almost 50 moto taxis of cost 2,500$ will be introduced in the initial stage of this business venture that will be increased gradually after analyzing the customer response and growth opportunities in the market. First, we will use a Fleet Management System to keep track of all the MotoTaxis across the city areas. This system will enable the company to run all its business operations such as number of available orders from our clients, the number of available drivers and their bio data, arrivals and departures of taxis and others. The second type of technology that we are planning is to use radio so that all the moto taxi drivers will remain connected (with each other) with our 24 hour call center at all times. This would enable the company to ensure transport services to the clients in areas where we are not operational but where a moto taxi can pick the customer from the nearest spot. Our call center will operate through special software to manage the calls and short messages (sms) from clients and will also be linked to

Reading response papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Reading response papers - Essay Example ted, may produce some pretty attitudes; but they shew a degree of imbecility which degrades a rational creature in a way women are not aware of-for love and esteem are very distinct things. In Chapter 4, Mary Wollstonecraft discusses the causes of women’s degradation. In her view, the chief obstacle to a woman’s attainment of knowledge is the role thrust upon her by society: the role of a weak, childish, pleasure-seeking creature, who is ruled by the senses. Wollstonecraft is particularly sarcastic when she describes â€Å"the false system of female manners† (53) which women are conditioned to take on. This system centers round the supposed fragility of women. Women accept this imputed fragility and agree to live as captives in gilded cages, expecting homage for their beauty, and emphasizing their weakness in order to arouse the protective senses of men. The foolish obsession with outward finery, and highly-strung nerves, poses a danger to the development of the intellect. The author indicates that the root of woman’s degradation is the acceptance of attention from men for frivolous things: â€Å"to lift a handkerchief, or shut a door† (57).   Throughout her essay, Wollstonecraft continues to ridicule this attitude of fragility which women assume, and men subscribe to. She mocks the assumed weakness which makes a virtue of the fear of â€Å"the frown of an old cow, or the jump of a mouse.† Her tongue-in-cheek assertion, â€Å" a rat, would be a serious danger,† encapsulates all her impatience with the entire system of female manners, which she firmly believes can be abolished with proper education and adequate physical exercise. She even characterizes such feminine foibles as â€Å"imbecility.† Wollstonecraft emphatically argues that strength of body and mind are the only things which will save women from degradation. This is obviously enlightened thinking for the eighteenth

Google's Prospects in Terms of the Criteria 'Suitability, Essay

Google's Prospects in Terms of the Criteria 'Suitability, Acceptability and Feasibility' (FSA) - Essay Example would be embarked on to understand its strategic position based on the feasibility, acceptability and suitability of its present strategy. Evaluation would be helpful to determine if â€Å"Google Inc.: Running Amuck?† as stated by many, is true or to what extent the company is exposing itself to risks by expanding and diversifying? This report attempts to clearly understand Google Inc.’s strategic position with its innovative product and service launches in the recent past. Products and services Google has products and services for both online internet users and the mobile users. The company has products and services based on three types of technologies: web search technology, advertising technology and large-scale systems technology (shown in Appendix A). It has a large portfolio of products and services with a core product: web search, as its major revenue generating service. It has various different classifications of its products based on the kind of service it prov ides. â€Å"Google.com, web and content search, communication and collaboration, downloadable applications, mobile, labs, Google AdWords, Google AdSense and Google Enterprise, all of which are nevertheless marketed as categories of products relevant to: search, explore and innovate, communicate, show and share, go mobile and make your computer work better† (Case study- Google Inc., 2011). The company also is committed to always giving users an experience that they would vouch for, and its motto is the guiding force. The company has a strategy for investment where it invests in three different levels, popularly known as 70-20-10 investment strategy. It invests in three kinds of product markets: core search and advertising products, products related to core products and experimental products (Case study- Google Inc., 2011). It also has a product serving according to the specific region or country laws as witnessed in EU and China where the company has adapted to the legal requi rements of serving restricted or customized services through locally located servers delivering filtered web pages (Martin, 2006). A list of patents for Google is shown in Appendix B. Appendix C and Appendix D list the free and for profit products offered by Google. Opportunities Google provides search engine web content services through simple user interfaces and uses low cost web servers. It provides content in about 88 languages and is an established brand which has gained users trust. Leveraging on this end user trust, the company has the potential to build on its sponsored advertisement links by tracking user searches and providing relevant and updated content with user permissions (Google Inc.: SWOT analysis, 2008). As the sponsored links are relegated to a corner of the page at the moment, it can nevertheless be moved to a full-fledged revenue generating service offering like AdSense and AdWords. The company’s product offering, Google Video is another link that provide s

Martin Scorceses The Gangs of New York Movie Review

Martin Scorceses The Gangs of New York - Movie Review Example Ken Burns' genius was to bring those photographs together in almost a cinematic way to make the war, and the people involved, more real. Scorcese's movie, although it takes place during the Civil War, is really not about that War at all. It is more about the earlier- and later-arrived Irishmen, and how they inculcated themselves into a hierarchical society in New York City. The first great Irish immigration wave was during the building of the Erie Canal in the 1820's. Most of the Irishmen who were already there and under the leadership of Bill "The Butcher" Cutting were part of the 1840's Irish potato famine crowd-a rough time for Irishmen to enter the U.S. as there were few jobs after the depression of 1848, and an actively hostile reception both from established Irishmen and the WASP's who controlled the political machinery of New York. Since Scorcese's movie focuses on the tension between "old" Irish and newly-arrived Irishmen, led by Leonardo DiCaprio's Amsterdam Vallon, the Draft Riots of 1863 are an inconvenient truth whose underlying issues are ignored in the movie. Without a knowledge of the actual historical events of the time, and only viewing the movie, one might be led to believe that the riots were about old versus new immigrants, contained by a WASP police force under the leadership of Boss Tweed. The reality was quite different: General USS Grant and President Lincoln needed hundreds of thousands of troops in order to maintain a numerical superiority over the South, and they regarded the Irish immigrants of New York as a ready source of human capital for the war. Those in New York who had few roots in the American culture did not want to throw themselves in front of Gattling guns and cannons on battlefields like Gettysburg and Appomatox. So how was the "truth" injured by Scorcese's movie One might argue that he should have chosen a different era, perhaps before the Civil War and not related to the Draft Riots, to exploit the tension between old and new Irish immigrants. While the plot could have been truer to historical fact, the tension of the plot might not be there. Scorcese needed to have a dramatic tension, a build-up, in his movie, leading to an apocalyptic riot where all of New York was burning. The 1863 riots provided that dramatic backdrop, one which would not have been available in the past. As contrasted to other movies covering the same time period, "Gangs of New York" offers three original contributions: (1) it features a part of the population during the Civil War that was not at the front lines, (2) it gives a young person's perspective, as compared to the older, in-charge leaders such as Boss Tweed and Lincoln, and (3) it is a group pastiche, rather than a concentration on one leader, such as is found in "Glory." Perhaps the best comparison to "Gangs of New York" is the epic "Birth of a Nation" by D.W. Griffiths (1915). Like "Gangs," "Nation" was an ensemble piece, one which explored not just the leaders of movements, but the underlying motivations behind the resentments and conflicts-in this case, between blacks and whites at the time of the Civil War and just after. Of course,

Should Juvenile Offenders Be Treated Like Adults?

Should Juvenile Offenders Be Treated Like Adults? This paper is intended to inform readers on the history behind the juvenile justice system, the severity of the juvenile offender problem, the pros and cons of trying juveniles as adults, and views on the death penalty concerning juveniles. This paper will also provide professional views as to why juveniles should not be tried as adults. Studies have shown that trying juveniles as adults is not only detrimental to their well being but can cause irreparable damage to them psychologically and physically. Statistics have been provided that state that a juvenile that enters an adult prison will be sexually or physically abused during the first week. For most of the twentieth century, the criminal process of juveniles has been separate from adults and intended to be informal and confidential. However, the reality was that in return for these benefits, juveniles would receive few legal rights and protections. In the 1960s, when constitutional due process rights were revised for adults, the issue of procedural due process for juvenile offenders became more prominent. As the juvenile crime rate has increased, there has been a vocal response to prosecute juveniles accused of serious crimes as adults. With the number of juvenile offenders growing so has the severity of their crimes. Regardless of their age, the public expresses that those guilty of serious crimes should receive a serious punishment. This paper will show that juveniles should not be tried as adults because of lack of maturity, exposure to negative home environments, improper adult supervision, and opportunities to rehabilitate. Evidence will demonstrate that there are multiple philosophies and measures being set into motion to help deter crime involving juveniles, first and foremost, and treatments, methods and psychological personnel put into place to help rehabilitate juveniles from committing offenses. The pros and cons of trying juveniles as adults will also be discussed, showing that the cons outweigh the pros drastically. When creating the outline of our countrys justice system, our founding fathers probably did not think about the consequences of crimes committed by juveniles. At that time, children were considered their parents property. When they committed a crime, their punishment was given at the discretion of their parents. It is realistic to say that our founding fathers would have never considered severe punishments for young people. They believed that children were vulnerable, fragile, innocent and in need of protection and understanding. Juvenile procedures in the United States have become more adult like for all offenders. The justice system has adopted more compelling guidelines for juveniles, such as, mandatory or decisive sentences and more frequent transfers of juvenile offenders to adult courts. The twenty-first century has brought more significant changes in the utilization of the United States Juvenile Justice Policy. Changes that are being referred to as the obvious increase in juvenile offenders being prosecuted and sentenced as if they were adults. From the start of the Juvenile Justice System, an important boundary has been set separating juveniles from criminal court. This boundary comes in the form of a justification that there are important psychological differences between juveniles and adults and these differences are incited by the normal process of mental development, age-relation, and legal relevance. Nevertheless, this boundary is only infringed in serious cases of disregard and when the juveniles age approaches the limit of the juvenile courts jurisdiction. Every state in the United States allows juveniles to be tried as adults in criminal court under certain conditions. There are three general components that are used to achieve these conditions; first, there is the Judicial Waiver, where a juvenile court judge may transfer the case to criminal court based on a variety of conditions, including the seriousness of the offense, the maturity of the juvenile, and the likeliness that the juvenile will be rehabilitated. This foundation exists in most states with minimal differences in respect to the age limit for transfers. In other states, a presumptive waiver process is followed, whereas, it is assumed appropriate to transfer a juvenile to criminal court unless the juvenile can prove that they have the ability to be rehabilitated. The final decision still is up to the judge but the burden of proof is on the juvenile. Second, there is Direct File often referred to as Prosecutorial Discretion. A prosecutor at his discretion can file charges in either juvenile or criminal court. Finally, there is the Statutory Exclusion, sometimes called Legislative Exclusion, Mandatory Transfer, or Automatic Transfer. In jurisdictions where this is recognized, certain categories of juveniles are automatically sent to criminal court. Age of the juvenile and the type of offense is the determination of these categories. Some states do allow what is called a reverse waiver, where a criminal court judge can transfer a case back to juvenile court based on characteristics of the offender and the offense. Similar to the cases of presumptive waiver within the juvenile court, the burden of proof in reverse waiver cases lies with the offender. The juvenile justice system in the United States has taken on a type of adjustment during the last several decades following the claim that juvenile offenders have received the same equal rights as adult offenders. In every jurisdiction of the United States, juvenile justice reforms have unevenly progressed with some jurisdictions being hesitant to change their juvenile codes and legal structures. Private interests have increasingly influenced the juvenile justice system. They are raising interest particularly in the correctional area. While this interest has shown to be helpful, provide constructive criticism, and also provide economical alternatives to public detention of juveniles, their interest has further made an already complicated juvenile justice system worse. Parens patriae has been described by some authors as the bedrock foundation of justifying the juvenile courts (Watkins, 1987). The juvenile justice system has proceeded largely according to the doctrine, parens patriae, as intervention in the lives of children violating certain statutory laws. Several interventions have gradually been done away with when trying to meet the real needs of children and helping toward criminal prosecutions. These include the intervention of due process, greater prosecutorial presence in juvenile court proceedings, and the courts functions that all together make the juvenile courts more criminalized. Cast in the context of parens patriae as the family model of juvenile justice, which is found to have promised more that it can deliver. Watkins (1987) observes that the original child savers failed to foresee the inevitable conflict between the rehabilitative dogmas of parens patriae and the social, political, and economic forces of todays culture that promo te just deserts. Thus, Watkins (1987) notes, juvenile laws and the authority of juvenile courts have not only failed, but have been, in turn, undermined by and then allied with political, social, and economic forces at war with the rehabilitative ideal characteristic of early juvenile jurisprudence. Despite the fact that juvenile court has for the most part been traditionally a civil proceeding, various types of court reforms, sentencing changes, evidentiary standards, and modifications of juvenile rights are moving it into a more criminal format. Proposals are being offered by different professionals to unite the United States Court Systems and combine juvenile and criminal actions into one process. Those that disagree with court unification argue that the juvenile justice system should be held in tact even though they too favor certain reforms. Often these reforms emphasize greater accountability for ones actions, regardless of age. The just deserts philosophy is well known in many juvenile courts. The rehabilitative treatment centered philosophy, that has dominated the criminal justice system for part of the twentieth century, has gradually given way to the justice philosophy. The justice philosophy is associated with harsher punishments and handing down penalties for offenders according to the seriousness of their crimes. While a broader range of rights are being given to juveniles in juvenile courts, repetitive and serious juveniles are being moved to adult courts by the way of transfers and waiver. Measures that are being used today within the juvenile justice system to crack down on juveniles include greater use of detention and the greater use of waivers to criminal courts. Overcrowding in juvenile detention centers should be a consideration even though it is expected and inevitable. The use of probation and parole is considered to be the first and last solution to this problem. Placing limits on population in detention facilities sets precedence in system adjustments and responses that impact in various ways the juvenile justice system as a whole. In all jurisdictions, pre-adjudication detention of juveniles is legally recognized. Those juveniles transferred to criminal courts are in an unpleasant position of being placed in jails, prisons, or detention centers with adults, where the risk of sexual assault is great and the exposure to criminal activity, even in a prison setting, is severe. In several jurisdictions, the changing of laws requires instant transfers of juveniles to adult criminal courts. One example is the Juvenile Offender Law of New York passed in 1978. This law provides instant transfers of juveniles to criminal court, when specific serious offenses are alleged. This law has also been passed in Illinois. Assessments of these instant transfer laws suggest that juveniles are held for longer periods of time while awaiting trial and that the services usually available to them in juvenile courts are nonexistent in adult proceedings. The loss of valuable services and the greater detention time while awaiting trail ca n be detrimental to juveniles and also show that the cost of transferring juveniles to adult courts far outweighs the potential financial and social benefits. Critics state that juvenile courts express that many current administrative expectations and operations are almost non-existent from those in adult criminal courts. Also, procedural screenings available in juvenile courts are less than satisfactory than those given to alleged adult offenders in criminal courts. Unquestionably, juveniles are considered to have the worst of both worlds. In most United States jurisdictions, there are currently many dispositional options available to juvenile judges. Several of these options include unofficial probation, referral to specific community agencies, warnings or case dismissals, waivers, detention hearings, and conditional punishments, such as community service and restitution. In Columbia County, Georgia, peer juries exist as an essential element of diversion programs, the program is design to hear charges against youths and adjudicate them according to the evidence presented. The peer juries consist of five jurors under the age of seventeen, who are trained by juvenile court staff. Jury selections are made available through a list of these eligible youths. These peer juries have been proven to be capable of giving appropriate punishments in both non-serious and serious cases. In past decades, a gradual disapproval with the criminal justice system has occurred. Citizens have received a strong degree of distrust with law enforcement, the courts, and corrections, and their abilities to process, punish, and manage offenders. The United States Supreme Court has required law enforcement officers to adhere to firmer standards in effectively making arrests of suspected criminals, as well as, in their procedures pertaining to seizing necessary evidence against these suspects. Ninety percent of all criminal convictions are obtained through plea bargains instead of going to trial and the use of probation as a sentence alternative is as high as seventy percent in several jurisdictions, also most offenders who are incarcerated serve only a portion of their sentences and are conditionally released on parole to relieve overcrowding. The public has voiced a concern of how lax our criminal justice system has become towards offenders, and also how ubiquitous the entire sys tem is. One reaction to this laxity has been the arrival of the get tough movement, brought about by modifications made to sentences imposed on adults convicted of serious crimes. These sentences may include longer prison terms, heavier fines and other monetary penalties. There has been a noticeable spillover of this movement into the juvenile justice system. Despite trends and estimates of juvenile offense patterns and inconsistencies and inconclusive statistics, juvenile court reform has been exasperated and continued into the 1990s. It also shows few signs of decreasing. Although the get tough policy toward juveniles is supported by most jurisdictions, greater detention times and incarceration of youths has not proven to be a remedy for rehabilitating them or reducing their regression. Because of inconsistencies in study findings and familiar outcomes of detention programs, such as, therapeutic juvenile interventions, many states are currently reexamining their detention policies for minors and reducing their reliance on detention as a form of punishment. Among the critical factors that have contributed to these inconsistencies and distinctive juvenile offense trends, there has been a disappointment with conventional juvenile treatments such as diversion, probation, short-term detention and parole, an apparent psychological collateral of juvenile violence that rests beyond the boundaries of conventional treatment methods, and a assortment of descriptive and reporting methods and the changing of laws within jurisdictions as consistent means of documenting deviating juveniles. Compared to adult courts, juvenile courts are somewhat limited to the types of sanctions they may impose for even the most violent juvenile offenders. Criminal courts in a majority of jurisdictions may impose the death penalty on adult offenders convicted of capital crimes. No United States Juvenile Court has this type of jurisdiction and sanctioning option available. Even detention sanctions that may be applied by juvenile judges have certain structural limitations. Once juveniles reach a certain age, eighteen in some states and twenty-one in others, they are no longer within the parameters of juvenile courts and in most instances leave the juvenile system. They also now have clean records as adults. Their juvenile records are not necessarily dismissed, but for all pragmatic purposes they begin their adult life with no criminal record. When decisions made by juvenile judges are examined, to determine the nature and types of punishments reviewed when juvenile offenders are adjudicated as a delinquent, these decisions often show a pattern of leniency. These leniencies may come from reluctance to contribute to labeling juvenile offenders as delinquent. However, it is often traced to additional factors such as prison overcrowding, excessive probation officer caseloads, the lack of adequate juvenile monitoring programs and methods to keep track of increasing numbers of youthful offenders. It also may be a simple matter of not being able to afford the imposition of costly punishments whenever they are demanded. The difficulty of these situations puts judges in a complicated position and they are left to have to deal with juveniles leniently, even the violent ones. Many of the same views are shared and raised concerning when juveniles are sent into adult courts and the differences about distinguishing their ages and that it may leave them inadequate to defend themselves in those courts. Current discussions about transfer policies are commonly not about the offenders attributes but about the gravity of the act and the juveniles harmfulness. These factors are based on the age or maturity of the offender. As the juvenile justice policy, which mainly focused on offenders has recently shifted to an offense based focus. Several issues have arisen as part of the transfer argument. These include moral, legal, political, and practical issues. It should also be stated and not forgotten that the fact that some crimes are committed by individuals are not developmentally mature. There should be a boundary between adults and adolescents when it comes to punishment. From a developmental psychology perspective, a fair punishment for an adult may not be fair when given to a juvenile who does not understand the consequences of their actions, severity of their crime or who was unable to gain control over their behavior. The ways that people interpret and apply laws should lawfully differ when the case involves a defendant who has limited understanding of the law because of intellectual immaturity or who has impaired judgment because of emotional immaturity. When the offender is of a young age, the presumptions and outcomes of administering a harsh punishment vary differently when the juvenile is an adult. Opinions of people may differ, but age should be considered in decisions concerning transfer, adjudication, and sentencing. This is to say that if one is willing to acknowledge that the age of the offender does matter, an un-biased developmental perspective is needed to make informed decisions about age should be taken into account (Steinberg, 2000). More emphasis should be placed on the age a juvenile should be before transferring to adult court. Juveniles younger than thirteen should remain in juvenile court regardless of the crime. It is a belief that regardless of the nature of their offense, individuals under the age of thirteen should be viewed as juveniles due to mental capacity and maturity. Also, it is appropriate to conclude that the majority of juveniles older than sixteen are not that much different from adults in ways that would prohibit fair adjudication within the criminal justice system. The difference among juveniles between the ages of thirteen and sixteen requires that some sort of individualized assessment be completed of the offender to determine competence to stand trial, blameworthiness, and admittance to treatment be made before reaching a transfer decision. If the justice system does not consider age as a factor, then boundaries are drawn. Research completed on juvenile developments strongly stands agains t transfer policies that are based on the offense rather than the offender and argues that policies based on the offender allows the justice system to exercise judgment about a juvenile offenders maturity level and eligibility for transfer. It is considered a bad policy legislatively from a developmental perspective to transfer cases based solely on the offense. Unfortunately, this undesirable policy is becoming increasingly common. The contradiction of utilizing a developmental perspective in the analysis of transfer policies is that the exercise makes known the characteristic inadequacies of the policies that draw obvious distinctions between adolescence and adulthood. An analysis of the developmental literature definitely shows that a difference among adolescents of a given chronological age is the rule rather than the exception. Steinberg (2000) calls for a fair transfer policy to accommodate such variability as recommendations from developmental perspectives. One way to do this is to make sure that judges, juries, and law personnel have solid and complete background information about a juvenile and their adolescent development and the flexibility of utilizing this information when making decisions about a juveniles fate that may have lifelong consequences. As for the flexibility, one can only rely on the wisdom of policymakers. Sitting next to a juvenile on trial in an adult courtroom provides numerous reminders that, regardless of what that juvenile has been involved in, they are still a child. Defendants are supposed to elect whether they want a jury or a judge trial, a serious decision that requires weighing many factors (Nakaya, 2005). Even though, defendants are generally required to assist with their defense and advised their attorneys in different aspects of their cases, a juvenile will probably decide on a jury member because of their dress color or because they may look like someone they know. The juvenile justice system is supposed to concentrate on reforming youth offenders not letting them rot behind bars (Nakaya, 2005). Rehabilitation is the key when it comes to juveniles. They do not have the maturity level, knowledge or self-control that we would see in an adult offender. It can be said that juveniles do not understand the consequences of their actions. When juveniles are sent to adult court, the background of why they may have committed these dramatic or dangerous acts needs to be evaluated to understand why they committed their crime. Often there are extenuating circumstances from a juveniles past that has contributed to the why. Juveniles are not adults by any means and trying them in a court of law does not make them one. When juveniles are tried in adult criminal court, it does not give them the privileges of voting or drinking. They are still minors. They are developmentally less mature and responsible, more impulsive, erratic and vulnerable to negative peer pressure. As human beings, they are still active works in progress. Across the country, the responses of lawmakers, in regards to the rise in violent juvenile crimes, have been to create stricter laws. Many states have passed laws making it easier to try and convict a juvenile as an adult and have also toughen penalties for juveniles with guns. Some states have also developed training prisons for young offenders and a new federal crime bill tries to deter juvenile crime by making it a federal crime for anyone under age eighteen to purchase, possess, or use a gun. Supporters of these laws voice that the punishment fit the crime, even if the crime is committed by a juvenile. On June 16th, 1944, South Carolina executed George Stinney. He was fourteen years old, the youngest person ever executed in the United States. Stinney, who was black, was convicted of murdering two white girls, Betty Binnicker, and Mary Emma Thames, with a railroad spike. His trial lasted only three hours, and the all white jury deliberated for only ten minutes before sentencing him to death by electric chair. At Stinneys execution, the prison guards had a difficult time strapping him into the chair. During the electrocution process, the electric jolt shook the mask off his head. Is this really the way juveniles should be treated. The death penalty is not an option when trying juveniles for serious crimes. It is not only immoral but also inhuman. When it comes to death penalty issues, scientists views are that a juveniles brain changes dramatically and this may be accountable for hasty and often irrational behavior of some juveniles demonstrating that adolescents are less liable than adults. This is strongly countered by victim advocacy groups claiming that it is just an effort by the community that opposes the death penalty to use science in debating their positions. Most juveniles who commit murder realize that their actions were fallacious because they often try to hide or destroy evidence in order to avoid getting caught. Additionally, most family members of murder victims do not think a persons age, at the time of the crime, should result in a lighter sentence. Focusing on the heinousness of the crime, many people have no regards to how old the offender is. Problems that occur within the family setting of juveniles that have an impact of crimes they commit include: divorce or separation, working single parents, single parent families, lack of adult supervision, parental rejection of the juvenile, juvenile rejection of the parent, and the different views between parents and teens increases the risk that the teen may try to distance themselves from the parents in order to establish their own self. Other problems that may occur and cause juveniles to become delinquent are: children spending more time with their friends than family, gangs or peer acceptance, drugs and weapons use have increased among juveniles as a way to solve their problems, illicit and explicit sexuality and violence in the media, and also the impact the media has influenced with the introduction of computers and violent video games. Who should be held liable for the negligent behavior a juvenile commits, the parents or society? It is believed that parents, who knowingly or recklessly allow their children to commit crimes of violent natures, should be held legally liable. Today without special educational programs in child development and parenting groups many of our future parents will contribute to juvenile delinquency by merely not knowing how to be parents. In order to take a stand on the subject, the pros and cons of the argument on whether juveniles should be punished the same way as adults are judicious and worth reviewing. Developmental research should be heard and considered even though policies on juvenile justice have become tougher against juvenile offenders. On the other hand, people pushing for tougher punishments on juveniles have already succeeded for the most part with most states in the United States adopting a more disciplinary response to juvenile offenders and their offenses. Studies have shown that harsher penalties and punishments for juveniles do not necessarily result in lower crime rates when the juveniles complete their sentences and are released back into the world. Trying juveniles as adults may be doing more harm than good. This research paper, on one hand, appreciates the progressive responses of the juvenile law on offenders despite the get tough policy that gathers resistance and argument. While many have argue that it is right for a juvenile to be punished as an adult, this author disagrees that the United States laws on juvenile justice has not provided an equal response to the growing concern of juvenile offenders. It is unconstitutional to include juveniles as adults in adult courts because children lack cognizance of the crimes in which they have committed. The population should be considerate and offender-focused at certain times about this juvenile justice argument. The author also found reasonable argument of recommending a uniform juvenile justice policy by specifying age limits for juvenile transfers. This is for the reason that there is an apparent unspecified offenders age homogeneous to all jurisdictions on this matter. Through specification of a juveniles age, the boundary that was once posted between juveniles and adults will be somehow redefined. In this way, we are taking stances from both sides of the argument with an aim of suggesting a better solution to this critical contemporary issue of juvenile offending.

Tourism As An Industry Tourism Essay

Tourism As An Industry Tourism Essay According to Tucker and Sundberg 1988 cited Loannides and Debbage 1998 Tourism is not an industry in conventional senses as it does not have a single production process, homogenous product or a locationally confined market. Tourism might be considered as partially industrialized as it serves its visitors. He also states that it is a mix of industries which provides services in varied forms Leiper (1990 cited Loannides and Debbage 1998). Smith (1998 in Loannides and Debbage 1998) viewed tourism as a composition of businesses which facilitates business, pleasure and leisure activities by providing goods and services, and may be considered as an industry. According to Thomas Lea Davidson (1998 in Theobald 1998) defining tourism as an industry is incorrect. He states that it is a socio-economic phenomenon which assists economic and social progress and a sector which influence a wide range of industries. In his view designating tourism as an industry may be for many reasons like to gain respect, need for a sound framework, analyze and publish data or need for some to gain self identity. There have been long standing debates on whether tourism is an industry or not. The size and structure of the tourism industry made up of highly fragmented and diverse components. The tourism industry is composed of different components such as tour operators, travel agents, accommodation providers, carriers, tourism associations, destination organizations and consultancies (Mowforth and Munt 1998). As stated by Bhatia (2006) it is a collection of various industries with varied scope of operation mainly targeting revenue generated from tourism. Careful planning and implementation is necessary for economic development of any country. In the tourism sector the need for planned development is of great importance. It involves many industries working together in a complex way and needs special attention. Planning basically tries to allot limited resources between various competitors with a view to maximize output, income and employment and to make sure different sectors have fair growth. Tourism planning is a process through which the set goals can be achieved and the various choices linked to tourism development can be addressed. It is a long term and constant process of preparing, upgrading and improving a destination for tourist. Communities are the basic elements of tourism. It mainly depends upon the level of acceptance shown by local communities. In the process of planning their involvement is essential (Khan 2005). Role of Government in Tourism Planning: As stated by Hall (2008) the involvement of Government in tourism planning is very essential. The Government and private sectors play a very compelling role in the planning of tourism (Cruz 2005). It facilitates by providing Infrastructure, educational requirements, launch of regulatory surroundings for operation of businesses and participates in promotion and marketing of tourism products. Strategic Tourism Planning: The need for strategic tourism planning arises to handle crises at tourism destinations (Kerr 2003). The essential steps for strategic tourism planning are Setting objectives Explore of tourism development factors Drawing conclusions about an destinations potential Bringing new ideas for tourism development Making recommendations for destination development (Gunn 1988) Issues and Constraints for Planning: Cruz (2005) outlined some barriers for planning Small enterprises view tourism planning as an intrusion into their field and doubt about its value. It is considered to be expensive as analysis and market research is required. The complex and diverse structure of the industry. It is differentiated large and small enterprises. The tourism planners should plan strategically keeping the barriers for planning in consideration along with the short term impacts along with the long term impacts on the destination (Gunn 1988). Tourism Impacts: The development of tourism creates impact on mainly environment, socio-culture and economy of the host community at any destination. These impacts produce both negative as well as positive impact. Planning is necessary to reduce the negative impact and boost the positive impact for sustainable development of a destination. Economic: The domestic economies are supported by tourism and are considered to be a means of trade. The economic impact can be assessed at three different levels- the direct, indirect and induced. Direct impact is the value of tourist expenditure after deducting the imports which was necessary for providing the service. The firms that directly receive the tourist expenditure spent on other sectors like water, electricity etc to provide the services. The generation of the economic activity through these frequent rounds of expenditure is called as the indirect impact. The money which is re-spent in the economy by the community which was gained through the tourism in the form of salary, wages etc is called as induced impact. The positive economic impact of tourism is accessed by considering all three levels of impacts. (Cooper et al. 2008). Tourism also creates negative economic impact like employment due to seasonality (Youell 1998). Environmental: According to Mathieson and Wall (1982 cited Hall 2003) the tourism industry is environment dependent. There is little scope for tourism to flourish if a destination is not environmentally attractive. The positive impact of tourism on environment includes, preservation of ancient monuments, sites and historic buildings; creation of national parks and wild life sanctuaries; safeguarding of reefs and beaches and maintenance of forests (Cooper et al. 2008). The negative impacts are waste disposal, water pollution, deforestation etc (Youell 1998). Socio-cultural: According to Hall (2003) the way in which tourism brings changes in the value system, behaviour, lifestyle and quality of life of the local community can be termed as Socio-cultural impacts. The major positive impact of tourism on society includes creation of employment, revival of poor and non-industrialized areas along with revitalization of local arts and crafts. Tourism creates negative impacts like prostitution, crime, lose of tradition etc. In areas where tourism is the major employer, traditional activities like farming may deteriorate. It may also pave way for demonstration effect where host communities try to imitate the life style of visitors. The host communities have to adjust their routine according to the seasonality of tourism which might create disturbance in the host community (Mason 2008). Planning to mitigate the impacts: Tourism generally brings positive impacts on host communities but also carries some negative impacts (cooper et al. 2008). The concept of planning is very vital to yield high-quality benefits out of tourism. English (1986 cited Gunn 1988) gives a series of ideas to minimize the negative impacts and enhance positive ones. Measures can be taken to assist local ownership and control foreign tourism services and facilities. He states that encouraging indigenous design and absorption of local transportation, tour companies, accommodation and food services can increase attraction to tourists and can lower dependency on outsiders. The government needs to promote small and medium size businesses so that the leakage from local economy can be sealed. This in turn will ensure local participation in tourism development (Equations 2008). According to Youell (1998) both public and private sector should work together to develop sustainable tourism. Environment is the base of tourism and has to be p rotected. The importance of sustainable tourism is growing among tourists. Thus proper planning is necessary for achieving sustainable tourism (Edgell et al. 2008). The public sector should plan and implement policies to maximize the use of renewable source of energy; waste water treatment; infrastructural development and use of cleaner technology which reduces pollution (WTO). Proper legal planning and maintaining control over society would reduce crime and other harmful social activities. Educating and giving awareness to local community about tourism will enhance positive impacts and reduce negative ones (Hall 2003). Advantages of tourism can be obtained only by planning, viewing the future and dealing with anticipated consequences. These points should be carefully studied with respect to the local environment as it can affect the quality of the tourism product and may also no longer satisfy the targeted audience (English 1986 cited Gunn 1988). Conclusion: The structure of the tourism industry is very complex with different sectors such as accommodation, travel, attractions and support services working together to create the final product. Due to this fragmented composition it is very important to have planning for sustainable development. In traditional sense it cannot be called as an industry but can be termed as a collection of small and medium size businesses. For the long lasting and future of these businesses sustainable development is necessary. The essay underlines the importance of planning in tourism industry as well as the limitations to planning due to various external factors. Tourism can be considered as a very diverse and complex form of industry which has impacts on the community. It carries long lasting economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. Both positive and negative impacts are induced in a destination through tourism. Strategic tourism planning can mitigate some of the negative impacts but some have to be accepted as the beneficiaries part of tourism development. Strategic planning is very critical as it tries to manage crises. It attempts to enhance the positive impacts and reduce the negative impacts. The report emphasizes the importance of planning by giving approaches for sustainable tourism.

Art Censorship Essay examples -- essays research papers

Art Censorship   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In recent news there was a controversy over art shown in Santa Fe Community College’s gallery. The artist Pat Payne created obscene religious pictures that for the most part were mocking the Catholic religion. I feel that there is no need for artwork to be censored if in an appropriate place. Placing paintings that may seem to be obscene in an art museum, gallery, or anywhere else that attract mostly mature individuals is appropriate and obviously placing those same pieces of art in an elementary school would be inappropriate. My point being that artworks of any type being placed in Santa Fe’s art gallery should not be an issue. The majority of individuals looking at Santa Fe’s gallery are older and mature, and if children are being brought into a place like this, ad...

Split Identity and Change in F. Scott Fitzgeralds Babylon Revisited :: Babylon Revisited Essays

Split Identity and Change in F. Scott Fitzgerald's Babylon Revisited In F. Scott Fitzgerald's "Babylon Revisited," there are several major themes that are prevalent throughout the story. One of these themes is that of split identity the other is the sense of solidity and change. Both of these themes are something most readers can identify with. Fitzgerald also makes the reader sympathize with the protagonist Charlie Wales. Throughout the story the reader must decide whether Charlie is reformed or whether he is indeed "the old Wales" (10). Some readers may empathize with Charlie, as I did the first time I read "Babylon Revisited." Although, after I reread the piece I began to feel differently about "poor" Charlie, and came to the realization that he may not be what he appears to be at all. The protagonist Charlie Wales is on the brink of rectifying his life. The first time I read this short story I had great pity for poor, poor Charlie Wales. On the surface it looks as though Charlie continues to be the brunt of bad luck. He looks like a man trying to resolve his past who just so happens to hit some complications. On this level I empathize with Charlie, but, after examining the story a bit further I began to question my previous thoughts. I questioned whether Charlie was consciously or possibly subconsciously sabotaging his opportunity to get his daughter, Honoria back before she is tainted for life. It is evident that Wales is not merely a man with very bad luck, but, in fact creating his own luck. The first time this is apparent is in the beginning of the story when Charlie left Lincoln and Marion Peter's address for Duncan, an old party buddy (6). If Charlie really wanted to turn his life around, he would not have taken such an action. The reason why he does is simp le; Wales is a creature of habit. It is obvious that Charlie has not reformed because he is still torn between his previous life and his present one. One of the major themes that tie in with this is that of Charlie's split identity. There are many times in the story where the reader can see that Charlie is having a hard time staying away from his past. This is evident from the first paragraph where Charlie begins to ask about all of his old party friends (6).

Africa: the Unknown Continent Essay

Trice Riddle Mrs. Jennifer Sikes English 1020 11 February 2009 The Unknown Continent Many people know about it and have seen it on maps before but they still do not pay attention to detail or really care. People still say today that it is a country but it is a continent made up of countries. Many people describe it as the â€Å"dark continent† because it has not developed enough to be like an Asia or the Americas. Its hard to really discover what Africa is and how to define it. The land is rich and the people are full of life. Africa to many is Just a land of desert and is impossible to live in because f the harsh climate. The people of Africa may be struggling its hard to tell on their faces when you visit. They are all smiles and take everyday of life to its fullest. What people do not know is that Africa is one of the most richest in resources. Its hard to find and discover them because they do not have the equipment. Africa to me could be United States of America when they find the right tools and discover the natural resources they have. When I hear the word Africa I think of Egypt, deserts, and the Nile River. Also, South Africa has a couple of really famous golfers that play and ominate the PGA Tour in the United States. Africa needs to have a since of pride from their history and move forward to be a known continent. I want to discover what Africa is and finally put a name to it where people can see that it is a beautiful, strong continent. The history of Africa is priceless. The history is so amazing its hard to tell people about. The African tribes had to rely on each other in order to survive. One of the earliest languages was founded by African tribes. The villagers would communicate by making a clicking sound with their tongues. Even though it has no words, the ifferent sounds and lengths of the pitch was used to understand each other. They still do this today but it is rare. They have found one of the earliest human life forms in history. Since some of the land of Africa was undiscovered, rulers would send out explorers to find some of this land and claim it. Most of the land was claimed by European countries since they were the most powerful at the time. If there was any conflict between land it resulted in fghting. If there were tribes in the way, they would raid them and probably use them as slaves. Many European rulers sent ships o Africa for the slave trade. Slaves were put the bottom of the ship and would fit as many of the slaves as possible. Over 1,600 ships and over 150,000 slaves were boarded to European countries. Many of the slaves had houses to live in, but the other working slaves lived there and they all used and shared the same things. Some slaves were treated bad. They were not fed well and didn’t have houses to sleep in. This all ended in the mid 1800s when most of the African empires signed a treaty. Because of the end of slavery, empires were unable to adapt and some even caused ivil wars. Some of these countries are affected from these civil wars that happened about 150 years ago. Africa’s rich history makes it unique and one of the most The only history people knew about is from the great country of Egypt. A country of pharos and great Egyptian Kings like the most famous one, King Tut. In the ancient time of Egypt, it was one of the greatest countries on earth. It had advances that people today still wonder how it was built. The most amazing architect of this time was the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the seven ancient wonders of the world. The only ancient wonder to exist. I think that if you could go visit one place with rich history that Egypt would be the place. Running through the middle of Egypt is the worlds longest river, the Nile River. Most of Egypt’s cities are built around it for water and nutrients. Everything there is so exciting and rich that you could stay there a year and still learn about the Egyptian culture. The land of Africa is considered rich but it has one of the worlds largest deserts. Africa is not technologically developed so finding these resources is next to impossible. This poor country suffers from food, diseases, and the lack of people to care for it like they do for other countries. We see all these little kids and families on television that are anorexic and have very little clothes and food. We try to help them but its hard when all the people around them are suffering Just as bad, if not worse. The richer of the African countries live around lakes and rivers. South Africa being one of the richest countries has its down side too. There is one huge thing thats comes from South Africa and thats PGA Tour golfers. Ernie Els, Retief Goosen, and the most famous one is Gary Player. These are guys who love South Africa and are proud of where they came from. Some of these golfers beat the most famous and number one golfer in the world, Tiger Woods. Gary Player has beaten the best golfer ever in Jack Nicklaus several times. It does not matter where you come from you can do anything you want and always remember where you came from. The home of some of the happiest people with the least to have or give. Africa is a country full of hope, pride, and rich history. This is a country with the poorest people, but they still find a way to look at the positive and enjoy the life they ave and what they have been given. Life is to short not to be happy. They have every reason to be down and to give up, but if we look closely at the details we will see that they survive on each other and each other’s pride. We need to see how they are living and try to do it. They know every moment they are given is a blessing not Just a another day. Coming closer will teach us about each other and from their we can make the lives around us better. Africa is an important continent that we all need to stop and pay attention to how beautiful it is.

Organic Food vs. Non Organic Food Essay

In today’s society you walk into a grocery store and you always have the option of organic or non organic food. There are even grocery stores dedicated to organic foods like Trader Joe’s, Sprouts and Whole Food market. I personally have gone organic and will never go back to eating or drinking non organic food. Organic food may be pricey but less hormones, less cow puss and blood in your milk, and less pesticides. The controversies about organic food vs non organic food is it worth it? My answer is 100 percent yes organic is the way to go. The fruits and vegetables you get at a normal grocery store that are non organic have several pesticides on it. According to the daily green, ‘ eating organic means avoiding the pesticide residue left on foods. † Though there are mixed reviews on if consuming pesticides hurt your immune system, pregnant women are taking the cautionary steps on making sure their future child will be born healthy and not be exposed to pesticides at an early age. On the Dirty Dozen list, apples are the number 1 food source of 2011, with over 40 known pesticides in just 1 apple. Not surprisingly, pesticide residue is also found in apple juice and apple sauce, making all apple products smart foods to buy organic. Strawberries have over 60 pesticides on it, so while you â€Å"wash† your strawberries remember you are eating pesticide residue remains on those strawberries you bought at the food market. 93% of Americans tested by the CDC had metabolites of chlorpyrifos a nuerotoxic insecticide in their urine. Banned from home use because of its risks to children, chlorpyrifos is part of a family of pesticides (organophosphates) linked to ADHD. Women who were exposed to DDT as girls are 5 times more likely to develop breast cancer, according to Panna. Several people are allergic to the growth hormone farmers put in their animals, but are able to eat organic meats because animals raised organically are not allowed to be fed antibiotics, the bovine human growth hormone (rbGH), or other artificial drugs. Animals are also not allowed to eat genetically modified foods. Organic meat the animals are also killed more humane than non organic animals. The animals are raised in a healthier environment, fed organic feed, and often eat a wider range of nutrients than those raised in factory farms (such as would be the case of free-range chickens and ranch cattle). Cbn. com stated, â€Å"In a recent poll, two-thirds of Americans surveyed stated they would like to be able to fit organic foods into their budgets. † Organic food may cost more but less exposure to unnecessary hormones and pesticides is worth it. Organic is the way to go, lower pesticide levels, more nutrients, no antibiotics, no added growth hormones, and environmental responsibility. Although research findings about benefits of organic produce are not conclusive, it is definite that organic stuff is safer than the produce with traces of pesticides. Organic milk, vegetables and fruits are much more expensive than the non-organic but if you can afford it then go for it. If more people start buying organic food then gradually their prices will gradually come down.